BELL WORK

1. BELL WORK Add these vocabulary words to your notes • Natural Law – rule or law that governs human nature • Social Contract – an agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos • Natural Right – rights that belong to all humans at birth • Philosophe – member of a group of Enlightenment thinkers who tried to apply the methods of science to the improvement of society • Physiocrat – Enlightenment thinker who searched for natural laws to explain economics • Laissez Faire – policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference

2. Galileo formed part of the basis for developments historians call the Scientific Revolution. Nicholas Copernicus asserted a heliocentric (sun-centered) cosmos, it ended with Isaac Newton, who proposed universal laws and a Mechanical Universe. The "Scientific Revolution" refers to historical changes in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization, that unfolded in Europe  This revolution caused controversies in religion, philosophy, and politics, and ended up changing the way Europeans viewed nature. The Age of Invention The Scientific Revolution 1550-1700

3. Change in Thinking Renaissance and Reformation- Looked to the past for wisdom and direction Scientific Revolution- forward thinking toward the physical universe Scientific Revolution

4. In his essay "What Is Enlightenment?" (1784), the German philosopher Immanuel Kant summed up the era's motto in the following terms: "Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason!" The Age of Reason The Enlightenment 1685-1815

5. The Age of Reason Thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change. The purpose was to reform society using reason, challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and advance knowledge through the scientific method.

6. The Age of Reason • The Enlightenment promoted: • Scientific Thought • Skepticism and Intellectual Interchange • The Enlightenment opposed: • Superstition • Intolerance

7. Wrote Leviathan, which was an influential work concerning the structure of society and legitimate government. Leviathan is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory. Hobbes argues that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. If not strictly controlled, they would fight, rob, and oppress on another. In order to escape the “brutish” life, people entered an agreement(social contract) by which they gave up the state of nature for an organized society. The Thinkers behind the movement THOMAS HOBBES

8. The Thinkers behind the movement Viewed humanity more optimistically than Hobbes. Saw people as basically reasonable and moral. Believed that all people had natural rights, or rights that belonged to all humans from birth. Including the right to life, liberty and property. Two Treatises of Government, locked argues that people formed governments to protect their natural rights. The best kind of government had limited power and was accepted by all citizens. JOHN LOCKE

9. In your own words, explain what immanuelkant meant when he wrote – "Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason!“use 3-5 sentences and explain your answer BELL WORK

10. The Thinkers behind the movement In his work The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu created the concept of separation of powers. He looked to improve society and human life through studying these laws scientifically According to Montesquieu, there were three types of government: a monarchy, a republic, and a despotism. Montesquieu believed that a government that was elected by the people was the best form of government. He believed that the success of a democracy depended upon maintaining the right balance of power and a system of checks and balances. Montesquieu

11. The Thinkers behind the movement Other famous Philosophes • Voltaire • Diderot • Rousseau Philosophe is the French word for "philosopher," and was a word that the French Enlightenment thinkers usually applied to themselves Philosophes were public intellectuals dedicated to solving the real problems of the world.

12. The Thinkers behind the movement Voltaire  French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher. Famous for being witty Attacked the Catholic Church, and advocated freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state. Voltaire wrote plays, poems, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets “My trade is to say what I think”

13. Diderot is most recognized as the force behind the Encyclopédie, the foremost encyclopedia to be published in France at the eve of the French Revolution What Diderot accomplished was to create one of the most important books of the Eighteenth Century. For Diderot along with his contributors, the common purpose of which was "to further knowledge and, by so doing, strike a resounding blow against reactionary forces in church and state." The Thinkers behind the movement DIDEROT

14. The Thinkers behind the movement Jean-Jacques Rousseau, known as one of the most influential thinkers during the 18th-century European Enlightenment period. He was born on June 28, 1712, in Geneva, Switzerland. His first philosophical work, A Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, discussed how science and arts had caused the corruption of virtue and morality. Rousseau was also a composer and music theorist. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU

15. Class Discussion How did the social contract and separation of powers affect views on government? At this time Separation of Powers was seen as the best possible way to protect liberty from government. One branch would be too powerful, if there are separate branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, then each branch has its own responsibilities and leads to a system of checks and balances. The Social Contract and separation of powers had a large affect on the views on government. The Social Contract was an agreement by which citizens would give up the state of nature (absolute freedom) for an organized society. The organizers of this society would be the government and would have to protect citizens from their wild ways

16. Class Discussion 2. Explain and discuss the views of Hobbes. Hobbes had a negative view on human nature; people need to be controlled by a powerful government

17. Class Discussion 3. Explain and discuss the views of Locke. Locke thought that people were basically reasonable and moral; they need a limited government to protect their rights

18. Class Discussion 4. Explain and discuss the views of Montesquieu. Montesquieu thought that people needed to create government that protects against tyranny through separation of powers.

19. Class Discussion 5. How did the achievements of the Scientific Revolution contribute to the Enlightenment? The achievements of the Scientific Revolution contributed to the Enlightenment by leading to greater faith in the power of reason. People began to apply reason to human nature and government as well as to the physical world.