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Insights into WAN Traffic Measurements: Analyzing TCP/IP Characteristics and Trends

This document summarizes key studies on wide area network (WAN) traffic, focusing on TCP/IP measurements from significant research conducted by Caceres et al. (1991) and Paxson (1993). It details methodologies for data collection using tcpdump, characterizes traffic patterns, and provides insights into the nature of different network applications. Highlights include the bimodal packet size distribution, the prevalence of short conversations in both interactive and bulk transfer traffic, and observations on data transfer volumes and connection lifetimes over time.

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Insights into WAN Traffic Measurements: Analyzing TCP/IP Characteristics and Trends

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  1. WAN Traffic Measurements • There have been several studies of wide area network traffic (i.e., Internet traffic) • We will look briefly at two of these: • Caceres, Danzig, Jamin, and Mitzel – 1991 • Paxson 1993 CPSC 641 Winter 2011

  2. Measurement Methodology • The wide area network measurements collected by Caceres et al. focus solely on TCP/IP traffic • Uses tcpdump • Collected data from several different sites (e.g., UC Berkeley site: 5.9 million pkts/day) CPSC 641 Winter 2011

  3. Data Collection • Used Sun 3 workstation • Added special timer with 10 usec resolution • Collect 56 bytes of data from each packet, including data link, network, and transport layer information • Use well-known port ids to classify applications • Packet loss: 0% (estimated) CPSC 641 Winter 2011

  4. Data Analysis • Characterizes different network applications based on a number of criteria • Number of bytes transferred • Duration of connections • Number of packets sent • Packet sizes • Packet interarrival times CPSC 641 Winter 2011

  5. Main Observations • Both interactive and bulk transfer traffic have a large number of short conversations • 75-90% of bulk transfer connections send less than 10 KB • 90% of interactive conversations send less than 1000 packets, and 50% last less than 90 seconds in duration • Most conversations are bidirectional (even bulk transfers) • Bulk transfer accounts for over 50% of the packets and bytes transferred • Interactive traffic: small packets • Bulk transfer: big packets • Bimodal packet size distribution results CPSC 641 Winter 2011

  6. Summary • One of the first detailed studies of wide area network TCP/IP traffic • Identified characteristics of the traffic for different network applications • Proposed models for packet size distribution, packet interarrival times, etc • Modeling package tcplib is available (free) CPSC 641 Winter 2011

  7. More WAN Measurements • ‘‘Measurements and Models of Wide Area TCP Conversations”, Vern Paxson, 1993 • More wide area network measurements • All TCP conversations between Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) and the rest of the Internet world CPSC 641 Winter 2011

  8. Measurement Methodology • Uses tcpdump • Captures only SYN (start) and FIN (end) packets of TCP connections (conversations) • Provides all the information needed for conversation level characterization • Dramatically reduces storage space needed • Makes longer trace durations possible CPSC 641 Winter 2011

  9. Measurement Tools • Sun 3/50 on a network between LBL and the Internet • Capture all packet headers with SYN or FIN • Saved to local disk for later analysis • Headers have port id info for identifying specific network applications CPSC 641 Winter 2011

  10. Measurements • Results are reported for one month of data (Nov 1990) • 123,703,757 packets seen • Average of 3.5 million per day (40 per sec) • 84 MB of raw trace data • 210,868 conversations • Represents 5.6 GB of user data • 11 different application protocols identified in the traces • Results reported separately for each, and in aggregate • Repeated measurements in March 1991 to assess growth in traffic with time (longitudinal study) CPSC 641 Winter 2011

  11. Data Analysis • Presents aggregate workload characteristics, as well as a per application breakdown • Volume of data transferred • Network bandwidth used • Conversation lifetime • Conversation interarrival times • Geographical distribution • Develops models for each application as well CPSC 641 Winter 2011

  12. Summary • A very nice detailed study of wide area network TCP/IP traffic • Novel aspects: trace collection methodology, geographic analysis, models, growth • Identified significant growth in Internet traffic over fairly short time span • Growth continues to this day (and beyond!) CPSC 641 Winter 2011

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