Fluid lens

1. Fluid lens Report Reporter: Bondarenko Alexander

2. Problem Develop a fluid lens system with adjustable focus. Investigate the quality and possible applications of your system

3. Definition of a fluid lens A fluid optical lens is a transparent fluid, bounded by 2 curved surfaces with adjustable curvature.

4. Aims • to examine possible variants of creating fluid lenses; • to study the quality of an obtained image; • to examine a possibility of a practical use; • to use a fluid lens in a basic optical system; • to prove the equivalence of fluid and glass lenses.

5. Variants of fluid lenses • a drop on a transparent surface; • a boundary film between two immiscible fluids; • a rotating fluid; • fluid between two elastic films.

6. A drop on a transparent surface

7. Variants of lenses A drop on a unwettable and wettable surface. Collecting lens Capillary phenomenon. Divergent lens

8. A drop on a transparent surface Disadvantages: • a limited radius of curvature; • a lens must be in a horizontal position; • a lens’ form depends on surface’sproperties; • an absence of vibration, a constancy of temperature are required.

9. second fluid first fluid A boundary film between two immiscible fluids

10. A boundary film between two immiscible fluids Disadvantages: • a limited radius of curvature; • a lens must be in a horizontal position; • a lens’ form depends on surface’s properties; • an absence of vibration, a constancy of temperature is required. • probability of spreading behavior of fluids (depends on surface tension)

11. Rotating fluid.Installation

12. Variety of lenses 1 2 3 4 • flat-concave • biconcave • concave-convex (positive meniscus) • convex-concave (negative meniscus)

13. Rotating fluid. Demonstration

14. Rotating fluid

15. Rotating fluid

16. Rotating fluid Disadvantages: • a lens must be in a horizontal position; • an absence of vibration, a constancy of temperature are required. Singularity: • a cusp form.

17. Fluid between two elastic films

18. biconvex lens biconcave lens Fluid between two elastic films

19. Variety of lenses 1 2 3 4 5 6 • concave-convex (positivemeniscus) • flat-concave • convex-concave (negativemeniscus) • biconvex • biconcave • flat-convex

20. An influence of films d=130 м f= 0,17 м

21. Theoretical calculation ,wheren – index of lens; R1, R2 – curved surfaces’ radiuses; d – lens’ depth. ,wherer – radius of hole (segment); h – middle ordinate.

22. Convergence of theory and practice The difference between practice and theory results is nearly 2-7%

23. Fluid between two elastic films Disadvantage: • high-qualityfilms are required; Advantage: • Little aberrations in different positions (in compare with other variants)

24. Projector

25. Projector

26. Focusing

27. Resume • variants of fluid lenses and methods of getting them have been discovered; • a fluid lens have been used in a usual projector; • the equivalence of the image produced by a fluid and a glass lens has been proved.

28. Conclusions • fluid lenses are identical to usual glass lenses; • the quality of image is rather good. It will be better if a high-quality films are used; • fluid optical systems are identical to glass optical systems.

29. Thank you for your attention!

30. Main slides: Главная Условие задачи Определение линзы Цели Варианты жидких линз Капля на прозрачной поверхности Капля… Виды линз Капля... Недостатки Граница раздела двух жидкостей Граница… Недостатки Вращающаяся жидкость. Получение Вращающаяся жидкость. Виды линз Вращающаяся жидкость. Демо Вращающаяся жидкость. Фото Вращающаяся жидкость. Фото 2 Вращающаяся жидкость. Особенности Две плёнки… Первая сборка Две плёнки, между которыми жидкость Две плёнки.Демо Две плёнки… Влияние плёнки Две плёнки… Теоретический расчёт Сходимость теории и практики Две плёнки.Недостатки и преимущества Projector. Scheme Projector. Installation Focusing Итоги Выводы Спасибо за внимание! Additionalslides: Comparing with glasses A boundary film between two immiscible fluids. Installation Rotation fluid. Installation A cusp form Focal distance measurement A fluid between two elastic films. First model Измерение высоты сегмента Varioptic Lenses Contents

31. Measurement procedure of focal length A focusing of the image of the object, which is settling down at a great distance, in comparison with a focal length of the lens. The distance between the image of the object will settle down in a focus of the lens.

32. Theoretical calculation

33. Theoretical calculation , wheren0 – refraction index of surrounding environment; n – refraction index of drop’s material; R1и R2 – curved surfaces’ radiuses.

34. Theoretical calculation

35. Theoretical calculation , where n0 – refraction index of surrounding environment; n – refraction index of drop’s material; R1 и R2 – curved surfaces’ radiuses.

36. Comparing with glasses Glasses’ focal power is 2,5 dioptres

37. Additional slides

38. A boundary film between two immiscible fluids. Installation

39. Rotation fluid. Installation

40. A cusp form , где ω – скорость вращения жидкости; g – ускорение свободного падения.

41. Focal distance measurement There are 3 methods of focal distance measurement: • определениерасстояния от линзы до изображения, когда изображение полностью расплывается; • объект, расположен на двойном фокусном расстоянии, равное по размеру изображение образуется на фокусном расстоянии; • фокусировка изображения объекта, располагающегося на большом расстоянии, по сравнению с фокусным расстоянием линзы;

42. A fluid between two elastic films. First model

43. Измерение высоты сегмента

44. Varioptic lenses

45. Theoretical calculation

46. A list of used literature • Р.Г. Геворкян «Курс физики» • И.В. Савельев «Курс общей физики. Том 2» • О.Ф. Карабдин «Физика. Справочные материалы» • Свободная интернет-энциклопедия Википедия(www.ru.wikipedia.org) • www.varioptic.com