Types of Nonfiction

Types of Nonfiction Turn to p. 386 Read p. 386-387 silently. Write down one comment or question to discuss with the class.

Exploring Types of Nonfiction Essay – examines and discusses a focused topic, often including the writer’s personal viewpoints Article – provides information about a topic, person, or event Speech – written to be read aloud – presents a topic and may persuade, inform, explain, or entertain Similarities Between Essays and Articles • Both are short works of nonfiction • Authors are usually identified and are always real people

Other Literary Terms  Voice – the author’s personal way of communicating with the audience Four Elements of Voice: 1. Style - the particular way in which a writer uses language; reflects an author’s personality Factors Contributing to the Author’s Style are: - level of formality - use of figurative language - diction or word choice - sentence patterns - methods of organization

2. Tone – the author’s attitude toward both the subject and readers or listeners - In conversations, you can hear a speaker’s tone in the way words and phrases are spoken. - When reading, you can “hear” tone in an author’s choice of words and details. - The tone of a literary work can often be described with a single word such as: pompous, playful, serious, personal, sarcastic, or friendly. 3. Perspective – the viewpoint or opinion an author expresses about the subject, either directly or indirectly. Bias - occurs when a writer makes a one-sided presentation (for example, by ignoring relevant facts or by using emotional language that unfairly sway readers’ or listeners’ feelings).

Types of Essays 4. Purpose – the author’s reason for writing; common purposes are to inform, to persuade, to honor, to entertain, to explain, and to warn. Essays can be categorized by the author’s purpose: Narrative Essay – tells a story of actual events or an individual’s life experiences Descriptive Essay – creates an impression about a person, an object, or an experience by presenting physical details of sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste Expository Essay – provides information, discusses ideas, or explains a process Persuasive Essay – attempts to convince readers to take a specific course of action or adopt the writer’s viewpoint Reflective Essay – expresses the writer’s thoughts and feelings in response to a personal experience or to an idea

Check Your Understanding In your notebook, choose the letter of the answer that best matches each numbered item. 1. Formal, friendly, or casual a. style b. descriptive 2. Encouraging polite behavior a. essay b. bias 3. Retelling a historical event a. persuasive b. narrative 4. Explaining how Congress votes a. expository b. reflective 5. Comic, mysterious, or doubtful a. tone b. article Discuss your answers with a partner.

AnSwErS!!!1. Formal, friendly, or casual a. style b. descriptive2. Encouraging polite behavior a. essay b. bias3. Retelling a historical event a. persuasive b. narrative4. Explaining how Congress votes a. expository b. reflective5. Comic, mysterious, or doubtful a. tone b. article

From the Author’s Desk… Rebecca Walker Turn to p. 390. Read the introduction of “Before Hip-Hop was Hip-Hop” on p. 390 silently. Write down the answer to the following question: What kind of purpose and tone do you expect this essay will have?

Relate It To Your Own Life • Think about the elements of youth culture on Hatteras. • Write a few sentences about how you define your culture. • Use at least three of the following words: • Assemble • Commit • Identify • Persist • Provoke • Transmit

Before Hip-Hop Was Hip-Hop by Rebecca Walker Think about it… Who creates youth culture: the bands that make the music and the designers who create fashion, or the teens who buy the music and wear the styles?

Let’s Start Reading! • Count Off for Group Members and meet in your designated spot. • Turn to p. 391. Your Assignment: • Assign group roles.      

Group Roles • Captain - This person is in charge of seeing to it that the group is organized, gets started on assignments quickly and everyone knows what to do. • Monitor - This person keeps track of time to keep the group working smoothly. This person also sees to it that the group has everything it needs. The monitor is the only person who can pull the captain aside and remind her/him that s/he is not doing her/his job if the captain is off task. • Recorder - This person sees to it that the group has all the information it needs. This person sees to it that notes are taken or that information is copied from a website and saved. This person has the added responsibility to make sure that the team's work is original and not plagiarized. • Reporter - This person is in charge of reporting the group's accomplishments. When the group presents a final product, the reporter is in charge of seeing that it gets done on time and well.

2. Take turns reading the story aloud. 3. Working together, complete #2-6. ** 3b and 4b should be completed independently, however, you may discuss your thoughts with one another. 4. Independently complete the Writing Workshop activity on the bottom of p. 397. Keep this in the writing section of your notebook.

EXTRA CREDIT!!! Using library and Internet resources, create a popular culture timeline of Rebecca Walker’s life. Follow these steps: • Identify key events in her life. List them in order. • Add details about music, fashion, and dance at the time of each event. Use photographs and illustrations when possible. • Present your timeline to the class.

The Newsby Neil Postman Genre: Expository Essay - attempts to give the reader new information or a new perspective or understanding about something. - short piece of nonfiction writing - presents information, discusses ideas, or explains a process

Techniques that Provide Support, Depth, and Context: • Description – including language that appeals to the senses • Comparison and contrast – showing similarities and differences between two or among more than two items • Cause and effect – explaining the realationship between events, actions, or situations by showing how one can result in another

Vocabulary The News Compensation – (n.) anything that makes up for a loss, damage, or debt Temporal – (adj.) having to do with time Revered – (adj.) regarded with great respect and awe Daunting – (adj.) intimidating

Building Background Television News – In 1948, only 400,000 American homes had a television. By 1960, more than 46 million American homes had a television, and TV began to take over as the news medium of choice. Today, television news is one of the most influential institutions in American culture.

What’s your Opinion? In “The News,” Neil Postman analyzes the pros and cons of television news. Write a short paragraph telling how YOU learn about newsworthy events and explaining which medium you prefer. Use at least three of these words: analyze, rely, clarify, indicate.

Meet the Author Neil Postman (1931-2003) • Born in NY • Received his doctorate from Columbia University • Write 20 books and hundreds of articles • Wrote an intense article called The Disappearance of Childhood where he asserts that TV exposes children to adult concerns far too early • Media critic and a revered professor of communication at NYU where he taught for over 40 years • Named his field “media ecology,” and his greatest concern was the effect that TV was having on Americans • Won the George Orwell Award from the National Council of Teachers of English

Let’s Start Reading… • Turn to p. 426 • Read The News by Neil Postman • When you finish reading, turn to p. 434 and complete the following assignment: • Thinking About the Selection - #1-5 • Vocabulary Builder - practice

Cooperative Group Time!! Your Task  Write a script for a public service announcement that encourages people to use a variety of news sources. • Based on the Neil Postman essay, jot down details that might encourage people to use a variety of news sources. • Describe visual elements that would create a persuasive message. • In your script, include one direct quotation from Postman’s essay, and describe the visual that would go with it.

Online Activity In a group, watch several news broadcasts, paying special attention to the images presented. Then, give an informal presentation to discuss Postman’s view that TV news is dominated by the “need to keep people watching.” - discuss the intellectual and emotional effects of the picture - point out what the pictures show about the broadcasters’ intentions As you present, pause occasionally to summarize and evaluate your conclusions.

Sites to Use for Internet Activity • www.foxnews.com • www.msnbc.com • www.cnn.com

Single Room, Earth Viewby Sally Ride Vocabulary Articulate – (adj.) expressing oneself clearly and easily Novice - (adj.) new to an activity; inexperienced Diffused – (v.) spread out Extrapolating – (v.) arriving at a conclusion by inferring from known facts

Practice • Pick up a Skills Development Workbook from the bottom book shelf. • Turn to p. 119 and carefully tear the page out. Put your workbook back neatly on the book shelf. • Complete the Vocabulary Builder activity. • Hold onto your worksheet because we will be reviewing it altogether.

First American Woman in Space On June 18, 1983, when she worked as a flight engineer and mission specialist about the shuttle Challenger, Sally Ride became the first American woman in space. Her historic mission allowed her to experience what she recounts in “Single Room, Earth View.”

Reading/Writing Connection In this essay, Sally Ride describes what it is like to look at Earth from space. Write five sentences describing an experience you had of seeing something from a new perspective. Use at least three of the following words: alter, contradict, emphasize, perceive. **Underline your words!!!

Meet the Author… Sally Ride • Before becoming an astronaut, she was a talented athlete – ranked tennis player who considered going professional before deciding to go to college. • In 1978, she read a newspaper article about NASA’s search for astronauts. • After undergoing extensive testing, she was chosen as one of six women and twenty-five men out of 8,000 applicants. • She retired from NASA in 1987 and currently teaches physics at the University of California.

Let’s Start Reading… • Working with a partner, read Single Room, Earth View on p. 437. • After reading, complete: • #1, 4 – independently • #2-3, 5-9 – together • Vocabulary Builder Practice - together

Vocabulary Skill Prefixes • The prefix equi- means “equal.” • The prefix is contained in the word equivalent, which means “equal in meaning.” • In mathematics, -equi- is used in the words equilateral and equidistant as a verbal reinforcement of a mathematical concept. Example – Her stony stare was the equivalent of a severe lecture on the importance of being punctual.

Practice All of the following words begin with the prefix equi-. Predict the meaning of each word. Check your definition in a dictionary. Then, use each word in an original sentence. • equidistant 2. equilateral 3. equitable 4. equivocal

Grammar Notes Predicate Nominatives and Predicate Adjectives Predicate Nominative: • renames the subject of the sentence • comes after a linking verb and renames, identifies, or explains the subject of the sentence • The linking verb acts as an equal sign between the subject and the predicate nominative Example: The winner of the tournament is our team. Team renames winner.

Predicate adjective – an adjective that appears with a linking verb and describes the subject of the sentence. Example: The swimmer was fast. Fastdescribes swimmer.

Practice! Circle and label the predicate nominative or predicate adjective in the following sentences. Then, use the predicate nominative or predicate adjective in a new sentence. 1. Swimming is good for strengthening muscles. 2. A sport is a physical exertion for recreation or competition. 3. About 5,000 years ago, wrestling eas essentially a survival skill. 4. The butterfly stroke appears graceful. 5. The winner of the tournament is our team.

Monitor Your Progress • Turn to p. 445 in your book. • Complete the Reading Skill activity and the Timed Writing activity.

Reading Informational Materials • With a partner, read p. 446 together and discuss technical documents and reading for specific information. • Read pp. 447-448 and complete the Monitor Your Progress on p. 449, including #1-5 and the timed writing activity. • You may use one sheet of paper per partnership. Both of you will assume all cooperative group roles, except for the recorder role. Make a choice about who will write.

Types of Nonfiction