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This resource outlines diverse strategies to control and eradicate invasive plant species, focusing on mechanical, manual, and chemical methods. Key techniques include hand pulling for small infestations, tillage, mowing, mulching, use of herbicides like glyphosate, and innovative solutions like soil solarization and grazing. It discusses the mechanisms behind various herbicides, their applications, and the importance of non-target species considerations. By following best practices and understanding the complexities of each method, land managers can effectively mitigate the impact of invasive plants.
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Definitions • Control – prevention of spread by removing fruits and limiting vegetative spread • Eradicate – to completely remove a species from a location
Subjects • Approaches to control • Mechanical • Herbicides • Common species
Manual and Mechanical • Hand pulling -can use volunteers -good for small infestations -can have low ecological impact -need to keep equipment clean -best for annuals or shallow rooted perennials
Manual and Mechanical • Tillage/hoeing • Mowing, brush cutting, weed eating • Best for species that don’t coppice • “controls” – does not eradicate except through repeated use • Girdling – remove cambium (do not use on coppicing species) • Mulching – bark, chips, hay, hogfuel, cardboard, carpet • Flooding/drawdowns • Fire
Manual or Mechanical • Soil solarization – clear or black plastic - kills tissue if around 113-131 degrees F - soil should be moist - can reduce weed populations for more than a year - not as good for rhizomatous species
Waipuna • Hot foam containing sugar extracts from corn and coconut (originally hot water/steam) – not an herbicide • Expensive
Grazing • Can control or encourage invasive plants • Can use cattle, goats, sheep, geese, chickens, ducks, etc. • Need to fence or pen them in • Make take several years
Herbicides • Salts used in ancient times • 1902- Army Corps of Engineers, sodium arsenite • 1941 2,4,D synthesized – growth regulator • 1944 – 2,4,D used on broadleafs
Mechanisms - Herbicides • Inhibit respiration • Arsenic compounds • Metallo-organics (also based on arsenics) • Phenols
Mechanisms - Herbicides • Inhibit plant growth – hormone disruptors -absisic acid – no herbicides -cytokinens – no herbicides -Gibberellins – affects plant height, bud dormancy, seed germination – more of a growth regulator than herbicide
Mechanisms - Herbicides Hormones, cont. • Ethylene – no herbicides • Auxins – 2,4,D (Weed B Gone) – causes excess cell division and overgrowth, good on broadleaf weeds, non-persisting, low mammalian toxicity – BUT… 2,4,5,T – better for woody plants >> +dioxin = Agent Orange
Mechanisms - Herbicides • Inhibitors of biosynthetic processes • Cell division – “pre-emergent” • Nucleic acid or protein synthesis inhibitors – “pre-emergent” • Glyphosate – non-selective contact herbicide, interrupts the shikimate pathway – amino acid production pathway not found in animals – “post-emergent”
Considerations • Non-target species • Use best management practices for handling concentrates • Follow ALL laws • Must post treated areas • Carefully assess site conditions, including weather • Likely cannot use volunteers
Methods of Application • Foliar – spot,boom • Basal bark • Cut stump • Injected into cambium • Soil – pre-emergent http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/
Reed Canary GrassPhalaris arundinacea • Rhizomatous grass • Mow 5X +/yr • Mulches (+ cardboard) • Glyphosate (2%) • Shading with plantings
English IvyHedera helix • Fast-growing ground cover • Remove vertical vines first • Pull and wad vines on ground • Can use string trimmer followed by glyphosate or triclopyr
Japanese KnotweedFallopia japonica • Strongly rhizomatous shrub • Very hard to kill • 2X/month mowing for 3 years • Injection – 5 ml of 100% glyphosate • Triclopyr or glyphosate
Himalayan blackberryRubus armeniacus • Repeated mowing • Digging • Cut stump, treat with triclopyr or triclopyr + 2,4 - D
