Topic : Applied Genetics

1. Topic: Applied Genetics Aim: Describe some methods that can be used to develop organisms with desirable traits. Do Now: next slide HW: Ditto – Pedigree Chart Review

2. Joe’s dad Mr. Renaldo Jane’s mom Joe’s mom Although Jane and Joe Smith have dimples, their daughter, Clarissa, does not. Joe’s dad has dimples, but his mother, and his sister, Grace, do not. Jane’s dad, Mr. Renaldo, her brother George, and her sister, Emily, do not have dimples, but her mother does. George Emily Jane Smith Joe Smith Grace Clarissa

3. 1. Describe genetic engineering in one sentence. Scientists change the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene. Describe what is occurring in the diagram above.

4. 2. Describe 2 examples of how genetic engineering . To produce large quantities of medicine To change how cells perform their normal functions To improve crop production and quality To make plants that are resistant to disease

5. 3. How is recombinant DNA produced. By inserting a useful segment of DNA from one organism into a bacterium.

6. 4a. Identify the 2 organisms whose DNA was used to produce recombinant DNA. Bacterial cell and human cell

7. 4b. Where is the recombinant DNA inserted? Into the bacterial cell

8. 4c. What will the bacterial cell that contains the recombinant DNA start to do? Produce insulin

9. 5. Identify substances that have been produced by using recombinant DNA. Large quantities of human insulin Growth hormone Chemicals to treat cancer

10. http://www.goldiesroom.org/Shockwave_Pages/REG-20-recombination.htmhttp://www.goldiesroom.org/Shockwave_Pages/REG-20-recombination.htm

11. 6. How has genetic engineering been used with plants?. Genetically engineered tomatoes can be picked green and transported great distances before ripen completely

12. Corn plants: On the left we see corn a plant that was not genetically engineered. On the right we see a pest-free genetically engineered corn plant. They were planted side by side.

13. This 1986 picture of a glowing tobacco plant bearing the “light” gene of fireflies demonstrates the power and potential of genetic engineering.

14. Scientists at the University of Washington are engineering poplar trees that can clean up contamination sites by absorbing groundwater pollutants through their roots. The plants then break the pollutants down into harmless byproducts that are incorporated into their roots, stems and leaves or released into the air.

15. Scientists have recently taken the gene that programs poison in scorpion tails and looked for ways to combine it with cabbage. Why would they want to create venomous cabbage? To limit pesticide use while still preventing caterpillars from damaging cabbage crops. These GM cabbages would produce scorpion poison that kills caterpillars when they bite leaves — but the toxin is modified so it isn’t harmful to humans.

16. 2000: Alba, a genetically-engineered bunny possessed "green fluorescent protein" genes from a jellyfish that made it glow in the dark. French genetic researchers created Alba. The albino rabbit glows green when placed under special lighting. In regular light, Alba appears like any other furry white rabbit. But place her under a black light, and her eyes, whiskers and fur glow a otherworldly green.

18. In 2007, South Korean scientists altered a cat’s DNA to make it glow in the dark and then took that DNA and cloned other cats from it — creating a set of fluffy, fluorescent felines.

19. Genetically modified pigs are created that produce higher levels of growth hormone to produce ameatier pork chop.

20. The Enviropig, or “Frankenswine,” as critics call it, is a pig that’s been genetically altered to better digest and process phosphorus. Pig manure is high in phytate, a form of phosphorus, so when farmers use the manure as fertilizer, the chemical enters the watershed and causes algae blooms that deplete oxygen in the water and kill marine life.

21. Bt Corn produces a chemical that makes them pest resistant and results in a 5-10% increase yield. Public opposition due to fears of human health and environmental risks associated with the production and consumption of Bt corn.

22. Golden Ricecontains higher quantities of Vitamin A and Iron.

23. Genetically modified tomatoes reach full flavor and color on vine without rotting.

24. The Flavr Savr tomato was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption. By adding an antisense gene, the California-based company Calgene hoped to slow the ripening process of the tomato to prevent softening and rotting, while allowing the tomato to retain its natural flavor and color.

25. Cows produce significant amounts of methane as a result of a bacterium in their intestines. Methane is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect, so scientists have been working to genetically engineer a cow that produces less methane. Scientists at the University of Alberta have identified the bacterium responsible for producing methane and designed a line of cattle that creates 25 percent less methane than the average cow.

27. No sickle cell Has sickle cell No sickle cell

28. AA aa Aa

29. How many offspring of the 1st generation have the trait? • Describe individual U and W. • Identify the genotype of individual Y. • Identify the genotype X.

30. 1. How many generations are represented in the pedigree? 2. In generation 1, which parent is a carrier of the recessive gene?

31. 3. In generation 2, which individual marries someone who is pure dominant? 4. In which generation does the first case of sickle cell anemia appear?

32. 5. Which generation contains the most male carriers? 6. Can 2 carriers produce a child with sickle cell anemia?

33. 7. Can a normal person produce offspring with sickle cell anemia? 8. Which parents produce 2 children with sickle cell anemia?

34. Topic: Applied Genetics Aim: Describe some methods that can be used to develop organisms with desirable traits. Do Now: take out yesterday’s reading notes HW: Punnett Square Lab due Wednesday

35. 7. Identify the 2 cells used to produce Dolly. • Mammary gland cell and an enucleatedegg

36. 9. Describe what was done with the 2 cells to produce a new cell. • Nucleus from mammary gland cell was transplanted into enucleated egg and stimulated with electricity.

38. 10. Where was the new cell placed? • Uterus of a blackface ewe (female)

40. 11. Explain what is produced as a result of cloning. • Genetically identical offspring

43. The adult sheep is Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The lamb is Dolly’s offspring, called Bonnie.

44. Idaho Gem = 1st cloned mule (MAY 2003) Cloned from a champion racing mule

45. CopyCat = 1st cloned cat (2002)

46. Misconception #1: Instant Clones! A common misconception is that a clone, if created, would magically appear at the same age as the original. This simply isn't true. You remember that cloning is an alternative way to create an embryo, not a full-grown individual. Therefore, that embryo, once created, must develop exactly the same way as would an embryo created by fertilizing an egg cell with a sperm cell. This will require a surrogate mother and ample time for the cloned embryo to grow and fully develop into an individual.

47. Misconception #2: Carbon Copies! Your beloved cat Frank has been a loyal companion for years. Recently, though, Frank is showing signs of old age, and you realize that your friend's days are numbered. You can't bear the thought of living without her, so you contact a biotechnology company that advertises pet cloning services. For a fee, this company will clone Frank using DNA from a sample of her somatic cells. You're thrilled: you'll soon have a carbon copy of Frank - we'll call her Frank #2 - and you'll never have to live without your pal! Right? Not exactly. Are you familiar with the phrase "nature versus nurture?" Basically, this means that while genetics can help determine traits, environmental influences have a considerable impact on shaping an individual's physical appearance and personality. For example, do you know any identical twins? They are genetically the same, but do they really look and act exactly alike? So, even though Frank #2 is genetically identical to the original Frank, she will grow and develop in a completely different environment than the original Frank or will have a different mother, and she will be exposed to different experiences throughout her development and life. Therefore, there is only a slim chance that Frank #2 will closely resemble the Frank you know and love.

48. 12. What is the ultimate goal of selectivebreeding? It allows only those individual organisms with DESIRED characteristics to produce the next generation.

50. Horses can also be produced through selective breeding. This is an Appaloosa. This horse is bred for its distinctive coat pattern. Race horses are often selectively bred.