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Module 11

Module 11. Lesson 1 – War Breaks Out. C. Key Terms & People. a. Joseph Stalin. After Lenin’s death in the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union), Joseph Stalin took over His last name literally means, ‘man of steel’

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Module 11

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  1. Module 11 Lesson 1 – War Breaks Out

  2. C. Key Terms & People

  3. a. Joseph Stalin • After Lenin’s death in the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union), Joseph Stalin took over • His last name literally means, ‘man of steel’ • He focused on creating a model communist state by making agricultural & industrial growth the prime economic goals • He abolished all privately owned farms replacing them with collectives (large gov’t.-owned farms worked by 100s of families) • He moved to transform the Soviet Union into an industrial power by creating several 5-year plans for industrialization (by 1937, the USSR had become the 2nd largest industrial power, 2nd only to the US) • This came at an enormous cost – lives (Stalin purged the Soviet Union of anyone who threatened his power killing somewhere between 8 to 13 million people & millions more died due to famine) • By 1939, Stalin had established a true totalitarian government

  4. b. Totalitarian • Type of gov’t. that exerts complete control over its citizens • Individuals have no rights & the gov’t. suppresses all opposition • The gov’t. will attempt to reshape society to fit its image

  5. c. Benito Mussolini • As unemployment & inflation produced bitter strikes in Italy, Benito Mussolini rose to power and also established a totalitarian regime • Many of these strikes were led by communists who scared the middle & upper classes who demanded stronger leadership – Mussolini took advantage of this situation by giving powerful speeches appealing to Italy’s wounded national pride & playing on the fears of economic collapse & communism • By 1921, Mussolini established the Fascist Party in Italy • By October of 1922, he marched on Rome with 1000s of his followers known as Black Shirts and won over important gov’t. officials, the army, & the police • The King of Italy appointed Mussolini as head of the gov’t. where he called himself Il Duce (the leader) & extended fascist control over every aspect of Italian life • He saw Hitler (also a fascist) as a key alley in his pursuit of power in Europe

  6. d. Fascism • This political ideology stressed nationalism & placed the interests of the state above those of the individual • To strengthen the nation, fascists argued that power must rest with a single strong leader & a small group of devoted party members • The name originated from the latin word fasces – a bundle of rods tied around an ax handle which had been a symbol of unity/authority in ancient Rome • The ax handle would be the single, strong leader (Mussolini) and the bundle of rods would be the nation or more specifically, the small group of devoted party members

  7. e. Adolph Hitler • At the end of WWI, Hitler had been a jobless soldier drifting around Germany • In 1919, he joined a struggling group called the National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi Party) • With his powerful public speaking & organizing skills, he quickly became the party’s leader calling himself Der Fuhrer (the Leader) & promised to bring Germany out of the economic/political chaos of the 1920s (notice the similarities to Mussolini) • In his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Hitler set forth the basic beliefs of Nazism that became the plan of action for the Nazi Party • Nazism (German brand of fascism), was based on extreme nationalism • Hitler dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people into a great German empire, enforce racial ‘purification’ (master Aryan race – blond hair/blue eyes) at home, & national expansionism (this last element will lead to his desire to take over all of Europe & possibly the entire world)

  8. f. Nazism • In his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Hitler set forth the basic beliefs of Nazism that became the plan of action for the Nazi Party • Nazism (German brand of fascism), was based on extreme nationalism

  9. g. Hideki Tojo • Chief of staff of Japan’s Kwantung Army • Launched an invasion farther into China after Japan had already taken control of Manchuria • Realizing that the French, Dutch, & British colonies in Asia lay unprotected, Japanese leaders leaped at the opportunity to unite East Asia under Japanese control by seizing these colonial lands

  10. h. Neville Chamberlain • British Prime Minister who was invited by Hitler to Munich, Germany along with French Premier Edouard Daladier in an attempt to reach a peaceful solution to Hitler’s expansion into Czechoslovakia & Austria to form his Third Reich • When they arrived, Hitler promised that the Sudetenland would be his ‘last territorial demand’ • Both Daladier & Chamberlain wanted to avoid war, so they took his word and signed the Munich Agreement on Sept. 30th, 1938

  11. Daladier Chamberlain Hitler Mussolini Munich Conference

  12. i. Winston Churchill • Winston Churchill was Chamberlain’s political rival back in Great Britain and didn’t share Chamberlain’s sentiment that Hitler would live up to his word • Churchill is quoted as saying, ‘Britain & France had to choose between war & dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war’

  13. j. Appeasement • Policy followed by Daladier & Chamberlain where they gave up on principles to pacify an aggressor • In this case, instead of standing up for the people in Czechoslovakia & the Sudetenland & demand that Hitler pull out of these areas, they looked the other way because they were afraid of starting another world war • This policy only delayed what probably would have been inevitable. Hitler would not live up to his word in the Munich Agreement and had his sights on taking over the rest of the Europe & the world.

  14. k. Nonaggression pact • Hitler wanted to expand into Poland but knew that this would anger not only Great Britain & France, but the Soviet Union as well. • In a surprise move, Stalin signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler on August 23, 1939 whereby Germany & the USSR promised never to attack each other & then later signed a 2nd secret pact agreeing to divide up Poland • Neither Hitler nor Stalin trusted each other, but this move temporarily satisfied both dictators and the interests of their global pursuits

  15. l. Blitzkrieg • On Sept. 1st, 1939, Following a non-stop air raid over Poland by the German Luftwaffe (air force) where an onslaught of bombs were dropped on Polish military bases, airfields, railroads, & cities, German tanks raced across the Polish countryside, spreading terror & confusion • German word for ‘lightning war’

  16. D. Study Questions

  17. a. What factors led to the rise of totalitariangovt’s. (fascism/communism) in Europe? • The seeds of new conflicts had been sown in WWI as peace had not brought about prosperity but revolution fueled by economic depression & struggle. These postwar years in the 1920s brought about the rise of powerful dictators driven by the belief in nationalism & dreams of territorial expansion • To the millions of followers, these dictators seemed like a viable solution to their horrible lives

  18. b. Why did Japan invade Manchuria? • Military leaders in Japan wanted to grow its territory & access to resources • Manchuria is a very large province in norther China (about the size of Texas) and was rich in natural resources which would bolster Japan’s economic & military strength

  19. c. Why was blitzkrieg effective? • This military strategy made use of advances in military technology (faster tanks that could move quickly over rough terrain & more powerful aircraft that could travel over longer distances) to take Poland by surprise & quickly crush their military with overwhelming force • On Sept. 3rd, 1939, Great Britain & France declared war on Germany but this tactic worked to perfection as Germany & the USSR divided up Poland & WWII had begun

  20. d. How did civil/political values of Nazi Germany & Imperial Japan differ from those of the U.S.? • Both Nazi Germany & Imperial Japan valued extreme nationalism • We valued nationalism too, but not to the extent of these 2 nations • Nazi Germany & Imperial Japan believed that the individual came second to that of the state and that the gov’t. was all important and all powerful. • They both saw no need for more than one political party and sought to eliminate any political opposition. They valued the use of raw military & political power to shape their society and global expansion • We valued individual rights and democracy in our political & civil arenas where the individual citizen could vote for candidates from 2 or more political parties

  21. e. How effective was the League of Nations in dealing with aggression among nations in the 1930s? • The League of Nations was powerless to stop Hitler from seizing lands in Europe and it was equally powerless in stopping Japan from seizing lands in East Asia & the Pacific • It’s threats to both Nazi Germany & Imperial Japan went unheeded and ignored. There was no enforcement power by the League of Nations

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