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Ecology

Ecology.

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Ecology

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  1. Ecology Ecology is the study of relationships of living things, with each other and with their environment. The word ‘ecology’ is derived from the Greek word ‘oikos’ (= home), and thus in its broadest sense, ecology is the study of the area of the world which provides homes for living things, known as the biosphere.

  2. Ecosystem - All the living and non-living things that interact in an area. • Organisms - Any living thing • Levels of ecological organization - Groups of organisms at progressive levels • Communities - Different populations that live together in a defined area • Population - A group of organisms of the same species populating a given area • Niche - (ecology) the status/role of an organism within its environment and community

  3. Species - Taxonomic group whose members can interbreed • Habitats - Places where animals or plants naturally live and grow • Abiotic Factors - Non-living factors including temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rocks and soil • Biotic Factors - Living things in an ecosystem

  4. Symbiosis - The relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent • Mutualism - A close relationship; both species benefit • Commensalism - One organism benefits and the other is not affected (e.g. epiphytic ferns and orchids on rainforest trees). • Parasitism - A close relationship; one species benefits, the other is harmed • Cooperation - Each species benefits from the association, but the presence of one is not essential to the survival of the other (e.g. sea anemones living on the shells of crabs). • Amensalism - One species inhibits the other (e.g. antibiotics produced by moulds inhibit the growth of bacteria, or the tannins in fallen eucalypt leaves inhibit the growth of plants).

  5. Predation - interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism • Competition - Competition is rivalry between individuals for a specific resource or resources, and can occur between members of the same species (intraspecific) or different ones (interspecific). • Camouflage - In the course of evolution some animals have come to bear a striking resemblance to parts of a plant, thereby making themselves virtually invisible to predators; stick insects are a striking example of this. • Mimicry - Some animals closely resemble another species of plant or animal that their predators have learnt to avoid. For example, some have the visual characteristics of a species which is unpalatable to the predator • Human Impact - The most powerful biotic factor is the impact of the human species on the environment.

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