Lecture 5: Finite Automata

1. Lecture 5: Finite Automata 虞台文 大同大學資工所 智慧型多媒體研究室

2. Content • Alphabets and Languages • Deterministic Finite Automata • Nondeterministic Finite Automata • Equivalence of DFA &NFA • Properties of Languages Accepted by FA’s • Finite Automata & Regular Expressions • Languages Not Accepted by FA’s

3. Lecture 5: Finite Automata Alphabets and Languages 大同大學資工所 智慧型多媒體研究室

4. Alphabets • Alphabet  a finite set of symbols • Examples:  binary alphabet  decimal alphabet  Roman alphabet  Greek alphabet  my alphabet

5. Strings • String over an alphabet ()  a finitesequence of symbols from  • * the set of allstrings over  • Examples:

6. More on Strings • String length # symbols in a string, e.g., • A string, w, can be considered as a function , e.g., • Some string operations: • Concatenation • Reversal • Duplication

7. More on Strings • Substring • Suffix • Prefix  a prefix of w and a substring of w.  a suffix of w and a substring of w.  a substring of w.

8. Countability of * * is countably infinite for any finite alphabet . Example: * can be enumerated by:

9. Languages • Language L over   any subset of * i.e., L* • How many possible languages over ? • How to specify a language?  uncountably infinite

10. Operations of Languages • Complement • Union • Intersection

11. Operations of Languages • Complement, Union and Intersection • Concatenation • Closure or Kleene Star • Positive Closure

12. ? ? 1909 – 1994 Example: Kleene Star

13. ? ? 1909 – 1994 Example: Kleene Star  

14. ? ? 1909 – 1994 Example: Kleene Star 

15. Language Recognition Device A machine or algorithm to answer the question

16. Lecture 5: Finite Automata Deterministic Finite Automata 大同大學資工所 智慧型多媒體研究室

17. a b a a b b a b a a q0 q5 q1 Finite control q2 q4 q3 Finite State Machine Input tape Reading Head

18. Definition  Deterministic Finite Automaton A deterministicfinite automaton is a 5-tuple (K, , , s, F) K: a finite set of states : a finite set of symbols : the transition functionK K sK: the initial state FK: the set of final states

19. 1 1 q0 q1 0 0 > 1 0 0 symbol  1 0 1 q2 q3 q0 q2 q1 q1 q3 q0 state q2 q0 q3 q3 q1 q2 (K, , , s, F) Example K={q0, q1, q2, q3} ={0, 1} s=q0 F={q0}

20. 1 Input tape 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 q0 q1 0 0 Reading Head > q0 q1 1 0 0 Finite control q3 q2 1 q2 q3 Operations of a DFA

21. 1 Input tape 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 q0 q1 0 0 Reading Head > q0 q1 1 0 0 Finite control q3 q2 1 q2 q3 Operations of a DFA Strings are fed into the device by means of an input tape. • Main part of the machine • Initially, • putting reading head at the leftmost • in state s = q0 • Sense input symbol • Change state based on  • Move head right one cell • Give answer when head reaches end

22. 1 Input tape 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 q0 q1 0 0 Reading Head > q0 q1 1 0 0 Finite control q3 q2 1 q2 q3 DFA As a Language Acceptor Accepted • The input string is accepted by the machine if the reading head ends at a final state. • Otherwise, it is rejected. JFLAP Rejected

23. 1 Input tape 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 q0 q1 0 0 Reading Head > q0 q1 1 0 0 Finite control q3 q2 1 q2 q3 DFA As a Language Acceptor What language the machine accepts? • The input string is accepted by the machine if the reading head ends at a final state. • Otherwise, it is rejected.

24. 1 Input tape 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Reading Head q0 q1 > q0 q1 1 0 0 Finite control q3 q2 1 q2 q3 DFA As a Language Acceptor What language the machine accepts? • The input string is accepted by the machine if the reading head ends at a final state. • Otherwise, it is rejected. q3

25. w u Input tape a b a a b b a b a a Reading Head q0 q5 q1 Finite control q2 q4 q3 M = (K, , , s, F) Memory Configuration of a DFA

26. w u Input tape a b a a b b a b a a Reading Head q0 q5 q1 Finite control q2 q4 q3 M = (K, , , s, F) Memory Configuration of a DFA Does not effect the result.

27. M = (K, , , s, F) Memory Configuration of a DFA

28. Memory Configuration of a DFA M = (K, , , s, F)

29. w u Input tape a b a a b b a b a a Reading Head q0 q5 q1 Finite control q2 q4 q3 Memory Configuration of a DFA

30. Yields in One Step if

31. * Yields in some (including zero) steps if

32. String Acceptance by a DFA M = (K, , , s, F) w* is said to be accepted by M iff such that

33. Language Defined by a DFA M = (K, , , s, F) Language L(M) denotes the set of all strings accepted by M, i.e.,

34. 1 1 q0 q1 0 0 (q2, 100100110) (q3, 00100110) > (q1, 0100110) 1 0 0 (q3, 100110) (q2, 00110) 1 (q0, 0110) q2 q3 (q2, 110) (q3, 10) (q2, 0) (q0, ) w=0100100110 Example wL(M)? (q0, 0100100110) M

35. 1 1 q0 q1 0 0 (q2, 100100110) (q3, 00100110) > (q1, 0100110) 1 0 0 (q3, 100110) (q2, 00110) 1 (q0, 0110) q2 q3 (q2, 110) (q3, 10) (q2, 0) (q0, ) w=0100100110  Example wL(M)? (q0, 0100100110) M

36. 1 1 q0 q1 0 0 > 1 0 0 1 q2 q3 Example M

37. a b a a > q0 q1 q2 q3 a b b b Example

38. a a a b a b > a, b > a, b b b a, b a, b a, b Exercises • Describe informally the languages accepted by the deterministic finite automata shown below: (a) (b)

39. Exercises • Construct deterministic finite automata accepting each of the following languages • {w{a, b}*: each a in w is immediately preceded and immediately followed by a b}. • {w{a, b}*: w has abab as a substring}. • {w{a, b}*: w has neither aa nor bb as a substring}. • {w{a, b}*: w has both ab and ba as a substring}.

40. Lecture 5: Finite Automata Nondeterministic Finite Automata 大同大學資工所 智慧型多媒體研究室

41. Review  Deterministic Finite Automaton A deterministicfinite automaton is a 5-tuple (K, , , s, F) K: a finite set of states : a finite set of symbols : the transition functionK K sK: the initial state FK: the set of final states

42. non ,  Definition Nondeterministic Finite Automaton A nondeterministicfinite automaton is a 5-tuple (K, , , s, F) A deterministicfinite automaton is a 5-tuple (K, , , s, F) K: a finite set of states : a finite set of symbols : the transition functionK 2K : the transition functionK K 2K sK: the initial state FK: the set of final states

43.  a  a p p Transition Functions of FA’s : K K : K 2K  K q Q K

44.  a  a p p Transition Functions of FA’s : K K : K 2K Change to one of state in Q nondeterministically. Change to state q deterministically.  K q Q K

45. M = (K, , , s, F) Yields in One Step if

46. * if is possible. M = (K, , , s, F) Yields in some (including zero) steps

47. String Acceptance by a NFA M = (K, , , s, F) w* is said to be accepted by M iff such that

48. Language Defined by an NFA M = (K, , , s, F) Language L(M) denotes the set of all strings accepted by M, i.e.,

49. a a b a > a q0 q1 q2 q3 b > q0 a b b b q4 a b a,b Example: L=(ab+aba)* NFA DFA q1 q2

50. a > q0 a  > q0 b a a b b L=(ab+aba)* Extension: -Move & Multi-Move q1 NFA q2 q1 q2