Considerations for Effective Skill Training

1. Considerations for Effective Skill Training PE 712 Chapter 1

2. Nature and Purpose • Improve Physical Health • Enhances Emotional Outlook • Stimulates Intellectual Activity and Ability • Effective Skill Learning • Teaching Skills • Acquiring Knowledge • Developing Attitudes through Movement • 2 Components: Mechanical & Psychological

3. Mechanical Aspects • Balance Considerations • Standing • Sitting • Pushing • Pulling • Lifting • Carrying • Force Considerations • Walking (Leg & Arm Action) • Running (Body lean, Stride Length, Stride Frequency) • Jumping • Leaping • Catching • Hopping • Striking • Throwing

4. Psychological Aspects • Motivation (needs/drives, levels) • Learning • Reinforcement • Shaping • Modeling • Attention • Knowledge of Results • Activity versus Passive Attitude • Context of Learning • Retention & Forgetting • Problem Solving • Personality & Social Concerns

5. Objectives • Psychomotor: dual role of skill improvement & fitness development resulting from participation in a PE course. • Cognitive: the accumulation of knowledge as well as the ability to think & interpret knowledge. • Affective: the development of traits such as the individual’s values, appreciations, attitudes, and interests.

6. Assessment: National Standards for PE • HAS learned skills necessary to perform a variety of physical activities. • IS physically fit. • DOES participate regularly in physical activity. • KNOWS the implications and the benefits from involvement in physical activity. • VALUES physical activity and its contribution to a healthful lifestyle.

7. Skill Test Concerns • No more than 10 percent of a unit length be devoted to formal skill testing. • Factors to consider: • Which skills to test • Age • Ability level • Strength of the participants • Facilities & available equipment • Mechanics for administration • Set-up time

8. Skill Test Suggestions • Determine the fewest but most important skills necessary for participation success at the beginning to intermediate level. • Predetermine the number of testing stations based upon facilities, equipment, and number of students. • Practice the test periodically throughout the unit as a drill so the students are aware of the procedures and skills.

9. National Association for Sport & PE Standards for Individual • Demonstrates competence in motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities. • Demonstrates understanding of movement concepts, principles, strategies, and tactics as they apply to the learning & performance of physical activities. • Participates regularly in physical activity. • Achieves & maintains a health-enhancing level of physical fitness. • Exhibits responsible personal & social behavior that respects self & others in physical activity settings. • Values physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, and/or social interaction

10. Principles of Physical Fitness PE 712 Chapter 2

11. Two Types • Skill-Related • Power • Speed • Agility • Balance • Coordination • Reaction time • Health-Related • 5 Components

12. Health-Related Components • Cardiorespiratory Endurance: ability of the heart, respiratory, & circulatory systems to supply oxygen & nutrients to, & to remove waste products from, the working muscles. • Muscular Strength: ability of the muscles to exert a force to move an object or to develop tension to resist the movement of an object. • Muscular Endurance: ability of a muscle to sustain repeated contractions or to maintain a submaximal contraction. • Body Composition: relative proportion of body fat or fat-free body tissues (muscle, bone, organs) to total body weight. • Flexibility: ability to move a body part fluidly through a complete range of motion about a joint.

13. Statistics • 65% of US adults are overweight or obese • 30% are obese • 16% of children ages 6 to 19 are overweight • 107 Million Americans have high cholesterol over 200 mg/dL • 65 Million US adults have hypertension • CONSEQUENCES: coronary heart disease, cancer, hypertension, obesity, low back pain, etc.

14. Benefits of Physical Fitness • Ability to perform daily tasks with increased ease. • Ability to perform daily activities without undue fatigue. • Heart Stronger & more efficient • Stroke Volume & Cardiac Output increase • Muscle can extract more Oxygen • VO2Max Increases; maximal aerobic power • Anaerobic Threshold rises (lactic acid buildup) • Improves body composition • Reduced death rate from disease • Reduced stress, anxiety, and depression • Enhanced mental acuity, mental energy, concentration, & feelings of well-being.

15. Exercise Programming • Warm-up and Cool-Down • Specificity: adaptations specific to what is trained • Overload: a muscle or system must be stressed beyond a level to which it is normally accustomed • FITT • Frequency: how often (>3 days/week) • Intensity: how hard (% of maximal capabilities) • Time: how long (duration) • Type: the mode or activity

16. Training • Interval Training: repeated cycles of high-intensity exercise followed by brief recovery period. • Circuit Training: a series of exercises designed to improve muscular endurance & strength that are completed within a set time frame. • Jumping Jacks • Lunges • Planks • Pushups • Pullups

17. “Intelligence and skill can only function at the peak of their capacity when the body is healthy and strong; that hardy spirits and tough minds usually inhabit sound bodies.” • “The physical fitness of our citizens is a vital prerequisite to the nation’s realization of its full potential and to each individual citizen’s efforts to make full and fruitful use of her capabilities.”

18. Assessment Tips for PE Teachers • Be very clear about WHAT is being assessed. • Know WHY you are assessing. • SHARE the information with students, administrators, other teachers, and parents as appropriate. • Be CLEAR about the criteria for making judgments. • Assessments is more than grading. It shows what students know or are able to do. • There are many TYPES of assessment: • peer, group, projects, oral response, observation, debate, video, paper/pencil.

19. Goal Setting • S= Specific • M= Measurable • A= Attainable • R= Realistic • T= Timed • Goal + 3 Actions • Keys to Success: • 3 Personal Keys to Success (What you’re doing when performing) • 3 Performance Keys to Success (How you’re doing it/techniques/skills)