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Chapter 14: Restoration, Ideologies, and Upheavals 1815-1850

Chapter 14: Restoration, Ideologies, and Upheavals 1815-1850. AP EURO (pages 339-345 & 360-364. Defining Terms:. 1. Conservatism – Disposition to keep established ways. Opposition to change.

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Chapter 14: Restoration, Ideologies, and Upheavals 1815-1850

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  1. Chapter 14: Restoration, Ideologies, and Upheavals 1815-1850 AP EURO (pages 339-345 & 360-364

  2. Defining Terms: • 1. Conservatism – Disposition to keep established ways. Opposition to change. • 2. Nationalism – Devotion to national interests, unity & independence. Most powerful ideology of 18th and 19th century • 3. Liberalism –Opposite of conservative. Product of the Enlightenment. Believe in constitutions & representative government.

  3. Concert of Europe : 1815-1823 • Congress of ViennaSought to • Create “harmony” in Europe • Maintain the balance of power & peace (after Napoleon) • Restore Monarch’s rule & power (adherence to conservatism)

  4. Pre -Napoleon Borders were Established After the Concert of Europe • Kingdom of Netherlands was created (problem: Belgium wanted independence) • Austria acquired Northern Italy • Kingdom of Poland was created (but controlled by Russia) • German Confederation replaced Holy Roman Empire – 38 separate states

  5. After the Concert of Europe… • Conservatives re-established control of many European states and attempted to suppress movements of change

  6. Examples of Conservatives: France (1815-1830) • Bourbon Monarchy restored after Napoleon • Louis XVIII • Borders restored pre- 1792 • Kept Napoleonic code • Only large property owners allowed to vote

  7. Examples of Conservatives: France (1815-1830) • Charles X inherited throne in1824 • Conservative aristocracy • Tried to restore nobles’ land lost during revolution • Opposition against government built in the 1820’s

  8. Examples of Conservatives: Prince Metternich & Austrian Empire • Prince Metternich (1773-1859) • Architect of the Concert of Europe , used it to suppress nationalist and liberal revolutions • Austrian Empire Included: • Austria, Hungary , Bohemia • Controlled Northern Italy • Most powerful of German Confederation

  9. LIBERALS on the Other Hand… • Emphasized: • Popular sovereignty • Individual rights • But debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance

  10. Examples of Liberal Movements: British Liberals Protested Corn Laws • Background: High unemployment 1820’s in England • Poor harvests of “corn” – wheat, oats, barley, grain • Led to scarcity of food • Corn Laws– Meant to protect farmers • hurt consumers- high bread prices • Landed aristocracy (conservatives) prevented importation of grains

  11. Examples of Liberal Movements: British Liberals Protested Corn Laws • 1819 : 80,000 protested corn laws In St. Peter’s fields • Soldiers fired at crowd “Peterloo Massacre” • In Response …1838 Anti- Corn Law league was created • Prime Minister Robert Peel repealed Corn Laws (liberal victory)

  12. Conservative Response to Liberal “Threat”: Great Britain • 1819 Six Acts: • 1. forbade large unauthorized public meetings • 2. raised the fines for seditious libel (saying anything against the government) • 3. speeded up trials of rebels • 4. increased newspaper taxes • 5. prohibited training of armed groups • 6. allowed local officials to search homes without permission

  13. Examples of Liberal Movements: British Advocates of Suffrage (voting rights) • Main issue: male suffrage (voting) • Demanded universal male suffrage without regard to wealth and property ownership. • Chartist Movement – national petition w/ thousands of signatures sent to parliament asking for universal male suffrage.

  14. Examples of Liberal Movements: German States : 1815-1830 • Ideals of German Nationalism emerged in Universities • Burschenschaft – student associations • Supported unification of German states

  15. Examples of Liberal Movements: German States: 1815-1830 • 1819 a liberal student named Carl Sand assassinated a conservative- August Von Kotzebue • Sand was publicly executed

  16. Examples of Liberal Movements: German States: 1815-1830 • In response, Prince Metternich passed laws of censorship called the • “Carlsbad Decrees”: • Outlawed student associations • Applied censorship in all German states • University Professors & students “watched”

  17. Examples of Liberal Movements: The Decembrist Revolt in Russia, 1825 • Tsar Alexander I died unexpectedly with no heir • Had two brothers • Alexander I supposedly named his brother Nicholas heir • Brother Constantine was not convinced

  18. Examples of Liberal Movements: The Decembrist Revolt in Russia, 1825 • Russia had to ruler for 3 weeks • In December, Nicholas declared himself Tsar • liberals planned an insurrection

  19. Examples of Liberal Movements: The Decembrist Revolt in Russia, 1825 • December 26th, 1825 • Russian army was to take an oath of allegiance to Nicholas • Moscow regiment refused to take oath

  20. Examples of Liberal Movements: The Decembrist Revolt in Russia, 1825 • Moscow Regiment demanded a constitution , abolition of serfdom, and Constantine (brother) as heir to the throne • Nicholas ordered the rest of the army to attack insurgents • 60 died • 5 plotters executed • 100’s exiled to Siberia

  21. Europe and Latin American Independence Movements • *

  22. Liberalism and Nationalism in the New World • Fought for independence • Movement was fueled by the ideologies of • 1. Nationalism – Devotion to national interests, unity & independence. Most powerful ideology of 18th and 19th century • 2. Liberalism –Opposite of conservative. Product of the Enlightenment. Believe in constitutions & representative government.

  23. French Colony of Haiti • Independence movement 1791-1804 • Haiti Center of Sugar production • Population: • Slaves = 500,000 • French = 40,000

  24. Haitian Revolution • 1791 Toussaint L’Ouverture, a former slave led a rebellion against French Colonizers • France was occupied w/ Revolution and gave up HAITI • Most successful slave rebellion in the Americas

  25. 1803 Napoleon Wanted Haiti Back! • Napoleon invited Toussaint L’ouverture to a “conference” • Toussaint was arrested, sent to France , imprisoned • Haiti gained independence in1804

  26. Fun Fact… • English colonies = 1st American territory to gain independence from European power 1776 • Haiti = 2nd American territory to gain independence from European Power 1804

  27. Nueva Espana – New Spain • Creoles born in new world, parents are European (Spanish Peninsulares) • Wanted more power • Better job opportunities • Wanted independence form Spain

  28. Napoleon… • Invaded Portugal & Spain 1806-1807 • Created a distraction and opportunity for colonies to rebel…

  29. Mexico • 1. Father Miguel Hidalgo led Mexican Independence 1810 • “El Grito de Dolores”- called on his parishioners to rise against the Spanish • Captured by Spanish in 1811 and executed

  30. Mexico • 2. Father Jose Morelos • Took over movement 1811-1815 • Executed by Spanish in 1815

  31. Mexico • 3. Agustin Iturbide • Mestizo who passed himself as creole (criollo) • Gained independence 1821 • And then.. He declared himself “Emperor Agustin I”! • OVERTHROWN 1824

  32. South America • 1. Simon Bolivar – “el libertador” (the liberator) • led Independence Movement • Gained independence Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia • 1810-1824

  33. South America • 2. Jose de San Martin • Led independence movement in Argentina, Chile • 1817

  34. Brazil – Portuguese Colony • Portuguese Prince Dom Pedro fled to Brazil after Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal • Gave Brazil its independence, but proclaimed himself emperor 1820’s (really a conservative)

  35. Revolutions of 1848 in Europe • General Desires: • 1. Representative governments • 2. Independence and unification of nationalist groups • 3. End of Serfdom and Manorial Dues in Eastern Europe

  36. Revolutions of 1848 In Europe • Socio-economic Factors: • 1. Food Shortages • 2. Widespread Unemployment • 3. Harsh life in the Cities • 4. Economic Depression • 5. Overburdened systems of poor relief

  37. Political Liberals • Generally form the Middle Classes • Pushed for change • Gained support from the urban working class • Opted for violent tactics in some cases

  38. Nationalism • An important common factor in the uprisings in Eastern Europe • Nationalism: belief that one is part of a nation defined as a community with its own language, traditions, customs, and history. Primary focus of a person’s loyalty & sense of identity

  39. Eastern European Groups… • Sought to create national states: • Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Czechs wanted their own national states

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