Chapter 5a: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules (Carbohydrates)

1. Chapter 5a:The Structure andFunction ofMacromolecules(Carbohydrates)

2. Important Point: If you are having trouble understanding lecture material: Try reading your text before attending lectures. And take the time to read it well!

3. Many macromolecules consist of polymers • A polymer is a large molecule built up from smaller building block molecules • Monomers (a.k.a., subunits) are the building block molecules • “The inherent differences between human siblings reflect variations in polymers, particularly DNA and proteins. Molecular differences between unrelated individuals are more extensive, and between species greater still . . . The molecular logic of life is simple but elegant: Small molecules common to all organisms are ordered into unique macromolecules . . . For each class (of compound) we will see that the macromolecules have emergent properties not found in their individual monomers.” Polymers / Monomers

4. Polymers, Monomers, and Lipids • Lipid monomers are less persistent than the above monomers • Consequently, lipids are less-readily described using the same polymeric terms

5. Energy + Dehydration (Polymer) Synthesis • A.K.A., condensation reaction, dehydration reaction

6. Enzymes are employed in biological systems to effect most hydrolysis reactions Hydrolysis–Polymer Breakdown + Energy

7. Some Monosaccharides Hence: “Carbo” (C) “Hydrate” (H2O) Note Basic Formula: (CH2O)n

8. Some Monosaccharides All carbons in a monosaccharide are bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH) except for one which is bonded to a carbonyl group  (=O) (note that this statement is true only for the linear form of monosaccharides)

9. 2 | 1—C—3 | 4 2 | 3—C—1 | 4 The two simplest sugars Some Monosaccharides Note Numerous Chiral Carbons

10. Stable Monosaccharide Rings

11. Linear Models in Quasi 3D

12. Ring Forms (Glucose) These are all Glucose Memorize this structure

13. -D-Glucose

14. Stable Monosaccharide Rings And learn the numbers, too 

15. Closing the Ring

16. Disaccharide Synthesis Energy + The reactions, the names of the sugars, and whether they are mono- or disaccharides is what you should know (also, “Glycosidic linkage”)

17. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide Amylose / Maltose / Glucose Note that saccharide has two c’s! A sugar polymer

18. Starches carbon and energy(glucose) storage molecules more branching

19. Starch/Glycogen

20. Glucose Anomers

21. Cellulose Know the difference

22. Cellulose Cellulose is a Structural polysaccharide

23. Most organisms cannot digest (hydrolyze) cellulose Cellulose Organisms that can digest cellulose include the microorganisms living the gastrointestinal tract of many organisms typified especially by cows and termites and many fungi (i.e., the things that “eat” the wood of fallen trees)

24. Cotton

25. Chitin is another example of a structural carbohydrate. Chitin is found in the exoskeletons of insects, spiders, and crustaceans. Chitin is also found in the cell walls of fungi. Chitin is leathery in pure form but is hardened in most uses via the deposition of calcium carbonate. Chitin

26. The End