Presentation Transcript

1. Rough Times for the Church

2. Rough Times Inquisition Western Schism Protestant Revolt
3. Inquisition What is it? A distinct ecclesiastical tribunal with the purpose of investigating and eliminating heresy. There were a number of Inquisitions within the Church Inquisition of the Middle Ages- France 1184 Spanish Inquisition – Spain 1478 Roman Inquisition - Italy 1542
4. “The Inquisitor, strictly speaking, was a special but permanent judge, acting in the name of the pope and clothed by him with the right and the duty to deal legally with offences against the faith; he had, however, to adhere to the established rules of canonical procedure and pronounce the customary penalties” – Catholic Encyclopedia
5. Background to Inquisitions The Church has always and continues to combat heresy and unorthodox teaching. It is her right and duty. Church and State are not separated. Therefore heresy is seen as treason. Good intentions/not as good application
6. Medieval Inquisition 1148 Response to Albigensian heresy Called by Pope Gregory IX in order to humanely control and judge heretics. The Church also provided an ecclesiastical punishment for those found guilty. (ex. Excommunication) Some heretics were handed over to the state. The state then administered punishments.
7. Albigensian Heresy From Albi France. 1. Two gods – one (spiritual) good, one (matter) evil 2. Can only receive baptism and Confession at the same time 3. View matter as evil, (Gnostic View) -suicide is seen as a good thing, -abortion is good -marriage is bad - murder is acceptable 4. Because Albigensianism was so dangerous, Pope Innocent III called for a Crusade against them. 5. Kings and Emperors zealously attacked the heretics, burning them at the stake to “help” the Church.
8. Punishments Church -Ecclesial punishment, extreme cases = excommunication State -Torture -Imprisonment -burning at the stake
9. Spanish Inquisition Mainly implemented by Ferdinand and Isabella. Started to protect their country from the “threat” of Jews and Moslems living in Spain – political reasons, not religious per se. The pope asked them to be more moderate with their punishments – the king and queen’s men were pretty violent.
10. Conversos-Protestants and Jews who had converted. Cryptic Jews – Jews who maintained their former religious practices after “converting”. Moriscos– Muslims who converted to Christianity.
11. Roman Inquisition Most benign and least violent of all the Inquisitions Held in the Italian peninsula Began in 16th c. ended in 19th c. Ex. Galileo’s trial was technically under the Roman Inquisition.
12. Inquisition Stats In a bad year, the Inquisitions burned at the stake 3 heretics at the most. Most Anti-Catholics maintain that millions were killed due to the Inquisitions. The fact is that about 3 to 5 thousand were killed (still not good but millions is absurd)
13. Myth vs Truth Truth 3 to 5 thousand were killed within 250 years. Only those Jews or Muslims that had converted and then suspected of heresy. Torture was a means to gain a confession which then could be denied or affirmed later. Myth Millions of people were killed due to the inquisition. Jews & Muslims were persecuted Torture was used to force conversions.
14. Avignon Papacy 1309-1378 Pope Clement V moved the Papal throne from Rome to Avignon France This was due to the political climate of Rome and pressure from the French King. 7 Popes resided in Avignon for 67 years. Heavily influenced by the French Crown - Ends when Gregory XI abandons Avignon and moves back to Rome.
15. Avignon Popes Pope Clement V: 1305–1314 (curia moved to Avignon March 9, 1309) Pope John XXII: 1316–1334 Pope Benedict XII: 1334–1342 Pope Clement VI: 1342–1352 Pope Innocent VI: 1352–1362 Pope Urban V: 1362–1370 (in Rome 1367-1370; returned to Avignon 1370) Pope Gregory XI: 1370–1378 (left Avignon to return to Rome on September 13, 1376)
16. Western Schism Gregory XI returns the Papacy to Rome. He dies on March 27, 1378 shortly after arriving in Rome. Romans want the Papacy to remain in Rome, they want him to at least be Italitan. During the Papal election riots erupt and call out the candidate they want Does duress caused by these riots make the election invalid?
17. Western Schism cont. Pope Urban VI was elected. Not a very good pope = cardinals made a bad decision… but he is still Pope! Cardinals then choose another pope Clement VII! Two popes at the same time, which one is the legitimate pope? Urban VI or Clement VII. This conflict split Christendom. Further splits when a third pope is elected!
18. Gregory XI – Returns to Papacy to Rome Avignon Line (antipopes) Clement VII -1378 -1394 Benedict XIII - 1394 -1417 Pisan Line (antipopes) Alexander V 1409-1410 John XXIII 1410-1415 Popes Urban VI - 1378-1389 Boniface IX – 1389 1404 Innocent VII – 1404-1406 Gregory XII – 1406 -1415
19. How was it fixed? Council of Constance – Pope Martin V is elected in 1417 Avignon Pope is disposed Roman and Pisian Pope resign All is back on track with the Papacy!
20. So what? We’ve seen that antipopes can exist. We’ve seen that antipopes can reign from Rome. Illustrates how far the Church can go without immediate and direct intervention.
21. The Black Plauge Began in 1347 Infected rats carrying fleas made it to Europe from Asia on Italian ships Killed 75-200 million people in Europe, or 30%-50% of Europe’s population What might be some effects of the Black Death?
22. Effects of the Black Death General despair of the population Lead to collapse of family life/people locking themselves within the home Problems with burying the dead Economic collapse Many clergy and religious died -> shortage of clergy. Decline in religion, ignorance of the laity. Leads to the Protestant reformation
23. St. Catherine of Sienna (sidebar) Catherine Visited in 1376 to request that Gregory XI return the papacy to Rome Points: could better deal with aftermath of Black Plague, could be an impartial force for peace in 100 Years War and infighting in Italy Papacy returned to Rome in 1377
24. Renaissance Cultural movement, means “Re-birth” in Italian. (1400’s) Revival of art, literature and knowledge Plagued by continued corruption of popes Lack of competent priests
25. Vocabulary to remember/learn Nepotism -the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, esp. by giving them jobs. Simony Nominalism - the doctrine that universals or general ideas are mere names without any corresponding reality, and that only particular objects exist; properties, numbers, and sets are thought of as merely features of the way of considering the things that exist. Important in medieval scholastic thought, nominalism is associated particularly with William of Occam. Humanism - an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs, and seek solely rational ways of solving human problems.
26. “Enjoying Dinner” – Leonardo Da Vinci
27. Reform or Revolt? Reform -to change to a better state, form, etc.; improve by alteration, substitution, abolition, etc. Revolt -to break away from or rise against constituted authority, as by open rebellion; cast off allegiance or subjection to those in authority; rebel; mutiny
28. Protestant Revolt Remote Causes 1. Rising Nationalism 2. Printing press 3. Political Corruption and high taxation 4. Bubonic Plague 5. Poor Church Leadership and clergy behavior
29. Martin Luther German Augustinian Monk Had major issues with his own personal salvation- did not trust God. Discernment process to become a monk is not good. Dissatisfaction with the Church – some legitimate qualms, most not.
30. Qualms against the Church Sale of indulgences Clerical corruption Ignorance of the Faith 95 Thesis nailed to the door of the Wittenberg Church on October 31, 1517. (Not the way to request a reform in the Church)
31. Heretical Views Scripture alone(sola scriptua) Faith comes from scripture, not tradition. Protestants say: “Scripture is inspired so we know it is valid, tradition comes from man so it is flawed because man is flawed” Rejection of Tradition and Magisterium Orthodox teaching: Scripture and Tradition is necessary. (Scripture is a result of tradition!)
32. Heresy Continued Sola Fidei – Faith Alone Good works are not required for salvation. Faith by itself justifies an individual and saves their soul. Orthodox teaching: Faith and Good works are necessary.
33. 95 Theses were generally ignored by the Vatican until 1520 – seen as infighting between Augustinians and Dominicans 1520: Leo X excommunicates Luther unless he retracts his beliefs (ExsurgeDomine) Luther burns the letter publically 1521: Leo X formally excommunicates Luther with the DecetRomanumPontificem 1521: Diet of Worms: Luther declared that he could not deny his conscience Emp. Charles V declared Luther a heretic punishable by death Duke Frederick hid Luther in his castle to keep him from being killed
34. From Luther to Lutheranism Though Luther spent most of his remaining life in his home city, Wittenburg, Germany, his ideas spread through use of the newly-invented printing press. Followers of Martin Luther broke away from the Catholic Church and called themselves Lutherans. Fights broke out between Catholics and Lutherans regarding church life, sacraments, and other issues. Luther and his followers no longer allowed religious orders, denied most of the sacraments, and rejected the authority of the Pope and Catholic Bishops and Sacred Tradition.
35. Calvin French Catholic by birth Established a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland – based on Presbyters as governors or secular and religious A sola scriptura faith – however there is no room for personal interpretation Discipline is a mark of faith – huge on law and order! Predestination – one is either destined for eternal salvation or damnation from birth –only the elect were saved You can not tell what your fate is, but wealth, health and morality are indicators
36. Scottish follower of Calvin Established the Presbyterian Church Presbyter = Greek for elders  Presbyterianism was governed by elders Never established a theocracy, but otherwise the same as Calvinism Knox John Knox
37. Henry VIII From birth a devoted Catholic – he wrote against the teachings of Luther and was awarded the title “Defender of the Faith” Break with the RCC occurred as reaction to a denied annulment in his marriage to Catherine of Aragon Real issue: he wanted a son and she wasn’t giving him one 1533 – break complete: Henry declares that he is not subject to any foreign powers and proclaimed himself the head of the Church of England (Anglicans)
38. Original intent: free himself from Rome’s control over marital issues  not Protestantism Those who remained loyal to the Pope were killed or persecuted Some Anglicans became so extreme that the wanted to purify the church of all “Catholic trappings”  Puritans
39. St. Thomas More 1478-1535 Chancellor of the English throne. Opposes Henry VIII decision to move away from the Catholic Church. Defends the authority of the Bishop of Rome (pope). Exectuted 6 July 1535 by beheading http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4GgN6D8mGI
40. St. Thomas More – a lawyer and friend of Henry 8th who refused to acknowledge the King’s divorce – martyred Famous line “I am the King’s loyal servant, but God’s first” Queen Elizabeth – firmly established Protestantism in England during her reign
41. St. John Fisher Bishop of Rochester Opposed Henry VIII and the Anglican Church Was martyred by Henry is 1535 after becoming a Cardinal.
42. Catholic/Protestant Tensions Diet of Augsburg (1552)- “Whose region, his religion.” The leader of a city was allowed to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism and the people had to follow that decision. 30 Years War 1618-1648 Catholics vs. Protestants Leads to decline of power and influence of the Catholic Church Peace of Westphalia ends the war!
43. Mary Tudor aka Bloody Mary King Henry VIII daughter who makes England Catholic for a short period of time. Queen from 1553-1558 Known as Bloody Mary because she executed many protestants. However this is a misnomer. Her half sister killed many more Catholics than she did Protestants.
44. Catholic Reformation Movement to actually reform the Church. Not necessarily a direct reaction to the Protestant revolt. (Reforms had begun before Martin Luther). Often called the “Counter-Reformation” because it happens after the Protestant Revolt. Lasting from 1560-1650
45. The 3 D’s The Church emphasized and focused on these three things during the Reformation: Doctrine Discipline Devotion
46. Catholic Reformation Ecumenical Council convened in order to make legitimate reform AND respond to Protestantism. I.Council of Trent 1545-1563: a period of reform within the Church Charles V suggested that a council be held in Germany since that is where the Ref. started  called by Paul III in Trent, Ger.
47. Reforms of Trent Choose cardinals and bishops more carefully and have stronger requirements of them Reaffirmed celibacy Reaffirmed distinctive dress for religious Established the canon of Scriptures Reaffirmed the one deposit of Faith given by Scripture and Tradition. Reaffirmed the number of Sacraments as 7 Transubstantiation Established Seminaries/ Reformed training of clergy
48. Other Reforms Establishment of the Roman Missal in Latin Rite Roman Catechism Saints among the Clergy: Robert Bellarmine-Great priest who wrote apologetics against the common heresies of his time. Charles Borromeo - Helped establish Catholic education, especially for seminarians.
49. St. Ignatius of Loyola Spanish Knight Wrote Spiritual Exercises Founded the Society of Jesus
50. Jesuits – Society of Jesus They were to teach and took a fourth vow of obedience to the Pope. They had a special role in helping the Pope to reform the Church. "Whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God beneath the banner of the Cross in our Society, which we desire to be designated by the Name of Jesus, and to serve the Lord alone and the Church, his spouse, under the Roman Pontiff, the Vicar of Christ on earth, should, after a solemn vow of perpetual chastity, poverty and obedience, keep what follows in mind”
51. Reform Saints St. Francis de Sales- Wrote Introduction to the Devout Life Francis Xavier – missionary to Asia Teresa of Avila – Reformed Carmelites, first woman Doctor of the Church. John of the Cross – Also helped reform the Carmelites, wrote beautiful poetry, was a mystic.
52. Battle of Lepanto October 17, 1517 Christian forces defeat the Ottoman Turks in a great Naval Battle. The Turks had been surmounting an attack against the Europe. Christians were outnumber, tactics and miraculous change of wind allow for Christian victory.