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The new monarchies

The new monarchies. AP Euro History. General characteristics. Rulers attempted to bring civil peace back to kingdoms. Institution of monarchy was a guarantee of law and order.

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The new monarchies

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  1. The new monarchies AP Euro History

  2. General characteristics • Rulers attempted to bring civil peace back to kingdoms. • Institution of monarchy was a guarantee of law and order. • Enlisted help of bourgeoisie who were tired of private wars and marauding (Roam in search of things to steal or people to attack) nobles. Townspeople willing to let kings rule w/o parliaments or Estate Generals (strongholds of nobles). • Kings, receiving money in taxes, able to organize armies; pike and longbow enables foot soldier to stand up to horsemen.

  3. Roman law adopted by monarchies – break down of feudal or “common” law. • Called themselves “sovereign” and addressed as “majesty”; court life to reflect royal power continually developed.

  4. Two basic obstacles to the rise of the “New monarchies” were being reduced in power • Nobles weakened by Hundred Years’ War, War of the Roses, and Black Death. • Catholic Church weakened by the Schism (Spanish Church was exception).

  5. The new Monarchies

  6. The Tudors – Henry VII (1485-1509) P & M • Star chamber – Henry used the Star Chamber to weaken the power of the landed gentry. • War of Roses weakened – conflict of what royal family would control England. • Henry VII (1st monarch of the House of Tudor) married Elizabeth of York (they were 3rd cousins).

  7. S & E • Confiscation of noble land. • Rule w/o Parliament (Parliament granted Henry custom revenue for life – it was the king’s right to collect taxes from royal lands, church, feudal dues, etc.)

  8. C & I • Roman Law – basis of modern laws • Divine Right Theory - It asserts that a king is receives his power from the will of God.

  9. Valois - Louis XI (1461-1483) P & M • Built up royal army • Subdued nobles The Spider King

  10. S & E • Estate General requested that Louis ruled w/o them. • Heavy taxes – gabelle – unpopular tax on salt in France. • Built up economy – ex: silk industry (by the 16th century, Lyon will become the silk capital of Europe)

  11. C & I • Enlarged power over Church • 1483 – Pragmatic Sanction – recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy w/o interference from Pope, prohibited payment of annates (tax on 1st year’s income) to Rome, and limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome. • 1516 – Concordat of Bologna – gave French King control over French clergy in exchange for French recognition of pope’s superiority over church councils and his right to collect annates in France. • Significance of Gallican (French) Church

  12. Spain P & M • Defeat of the Moors (Muslims) & unification of Spain (reconquista)

  13. S & E • Alcabala – sales tax up to 14% • Hermandad – a powerful league of cities and towns that served the king and queen of Spain against stubborn noble landowners. • Mesta – gov’t backed organization that developed economic planning. Particularly in the sheep farming industry in Castile.

  14. C & I • Inquisition (1479) – Ferdinand and Isabella restore royal Catholic authority in Spain. • Cardinal Ximenez (Jimenez de Cisneros) – 1502 – nonconverting Moors in Granada were driven into exile (he was a major reason why Spain remained a loyal Catholic country) • Expulsion of the Jews in 1492 and property is confiscated.

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