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CHAPTER 10 EVOLUTION

CHAPTER 10 EVOLUTION. Evolution: Isn't Evolution Just a Theory?. Early Ideas on Evolution. _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________. Carolus Linnaeus, 1735. Georges Buffon, 1749. Erasmus Darwin, 1749. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809.

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CHAPTER 10 EVOLUTION

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  1. CHAPTER 10 EVOLUTION Evolution: Isn't Evolution Just a Theory?

  2. Early Ideas on Evolution _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Carolus Linnaeus, 1735 Georges Buffon, 1749 Erasmus Darwin, 1749 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809 2nd to classify organisms based on their _________ Proposed that species shared ________________ Proposed that more complex life forms arose from _______ complex life forms Proposed that changes in an environment caused changes in ________________ traits ancestors less organisms

  3. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution • Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809 • One Of First Scientists To Understand That Change Occurs Over Time • Stated that Changes Are Adaptations To Environment acquired in an organism’s lifetime • Said acquired changes were passed to offspring

  4. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution • Idea called Law of Use and Disuse • If a body part were used, it got stronger • If body part NOT used, it deteriorated

  5. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution • Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics • Proposed That By Selective Use Or Disuse Of Organs, Organisms Acquired Or Lost Certain Traits During Their Lifetime • These Traits Could Then Be Passed On To Their Offspring • Over Time This Led To New Species

  6. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution • Use & Disuse - Organisms Could Change The Size Or Shape Of Organs By Using Them Or Not Using Them • Blacksmiths & Their Sons (muscular arms) • Giraffe’s Necks Longer from stretching)

  7. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution • Inheritance Of Acquired Traits • Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be Passed To Offspring Clipped ears of dogs could be passed to offspring!

  8. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution • Tendency Toward Perfection • Organisms Are Continually Changing and Acquiring Features That Help Them Live More Successfully In Their Environment • Example: Bird Ancestors Desired To Fly So They Tried Until Wings Developed

  9. Lamarck’s Mistakes • Lamarck Did NOT Know how traits were inherited (Traits are passed through genes) • Genes Are NOT Changed By Activities In Life • Change Through Mutation Occurs Before An Organism Is Born

  10. Theories of Geologic Change sets the stage for the Theory of Evolution CATASTROPHISM GRADUALISM UNIFORMITARIANISM

  11. CATASTROPHISM Georges Cuvier Theory proposed by _______________________. States that ______________________________ such as ___________ and _______________________________ have shaped ________________ and caused species to become ___________________ in the process. Natural disasters floods volcanic eruptions landforms extinct GRADUALISM James Hutton Theory proposed by ______________________. States that the changes in landfoms resulted from ___________________ that had occurred over a long period of time. slow changes UNIFORMITARIANISM Theory proposed by ______________________. States that the changes in geologic processes that shape the Earth are uniform through time. __________________________________________________________________________________ Charles Lyell The changes have happened in the past and are ONGOING!

  12. Catastrophism • Idea proposed by George Cuvier • Studied fossil in sedimentary rock strata of Paris • Found some species completely disappeared in more recent layers

  13. Catastrophism • Stated that species disappear due to a catastrophic event of the earth’s crust (volcano, earthquake…)

  14. Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change • James Hutton, 1795, Scottish geologist • Studied invertebrate fossils in Paris Museum • Described The Geological Forces That Have Changed Lifeon Earth Over Millions of Years (erosion, earthquakes, volcanoes…)

  15. Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change • Changes in Earth’s crust due to slow continuous processes • Idea Known as Gradualism

  16. Charles Lyell • Proposed theory of Uniformintarianism • Geological processes at uniform rates building & wearing down Earth’s crust • Proposed that the Earth was millions of years instead of a few thousand years old

  17. Principles of Geology • Published by Lyell Just Before The Beagle Set Sail & read by Darwin • Explained Geological Processes That Shaped The Earth • Helped Darwin Understand Sea Shells In The Andes Mountains At 12,000+ Feet • Expanded Earth’s Age

  18. CHARLES DARWIN Naturalist • English __________________ who wrote the __________________________ • Developed the ___________________________ • Stated that evolution is a _______________ in the ______________ ______________ of a group of organisms over time. Origin of the Species Theory of Evolution change hereditary features Controversy

  19. Charles Darwin traveled on the HMS Beagle from England to the ____________________________ It is on these islands that Darwin made his observations and compiled __________________________________________ Galapagos Islands evidence of the evolutionary process.

  20. Darwin's Observations Variation • _______________________: the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs. • ________________________: Variation that occurs among members of different species • ________________________: Variation that occurs among individuals of the same species. Interspecific Variation Intraspecific Variation Adaptation • _______________________: The feature(s) that allow an organism to better survive in its environment. • Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a _______________________________________. Population over time

  21. CHARLES DARWIN Summary of Evolutionary Points • LIVING THINGS OVERPRODUCE • THERE IS VARIATION AMONG OFFSPRING • THERE IS A STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE • NATURAL SELECTION IS ALWAYS TAKING PLACE ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ____________________________________________ __________________ Evolution: Why Does Evolution Matter Now?

  22. ADAPTATIONS Traits that make a living thing able to survive in its surroundings. TYPES OF FEET TYPES OF BEAKS WEBBED FISH INSECTS CLAWED HOOVED PADDED NUTS FISH

  23. OTHER ADAPTATIONS COLORATION BODY FAT AND THICK FUR SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS ADAPTATION ACTIVITY

  24. Why doesn't the bird have teeth? Because it doesn't eat meat and has no need for them. _______________________ _______________________

  25. WHICH MOTH WOULD BE MOST RECOGNIZABLE BY ITS PREDATOR? What happens to the moth that is not selected by the predator? 1. It survives 2. It passes on his traits _______________________ _______________

  26. WHICH MOTH WOULD BE MOST RECOGNIZABLE BY ITS PREDATOR? What happens to the moth that is not selected by the predator? 1. It survives 2. It passes on its traits _______________ _______________________

  27. NATURAL SELECTION Who determined which moth was better adapted to its surroundings? OWL _____________________________ Principles of NS Natural Selection- process in which something in nature does the selecting of what will survive and what will not survive. ____________________ - ______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

  28. WHAT THINGS IN NATURE CAN SELECT WHO LIVES? PREDATORS WEATHER CONDITIONS RESOURCE SHORTAGES DISEASE ____________________________ _________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ____________________________

  29. Preying Mantis: Camouflaged to hide from its prey. Would you see it?

  30. Walking Stick: Camouflaged to hide from its predators.

  31. Thorn Bug: Camouflaged to hide from its predators.

  32. ADAPTATIONS IN REVIEW Adaptations = traits Traits = genes Adaptations = genes ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________

  33. MUTATIONS • A CHANGE IN THE DNA CODE • ARE NATURAL EVENTS • CAN BE A SOURCE FOR NEW TRAITS • THESE NEW TRAITS CAN BE ADAPTATIONS BECAUSE THEY MIGHT HELP THE ORGANISM SURVIVE IN ITS ENVIRONMENT __________________________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

  34. ARE ALL MUTATIONS BAD? -NO- BROWN COAT TO WHITE COAT BROWN COAT TO WHITE COAT HELPFUL __________________ HARMFUL The brown rabbit is more easily seen by predators. It will most likely not survive and reproduce. __________________ The white deer is more easily seen by predators. It will most likely not survive and reproduce.

  35. SPECIES FORMATION Species – A group of living things that can breed with others of the same species and form ‘FERTILE’ offspring. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ Fertile – being able to reproduce by forming egg or sperm cells

  36. SPECIES FORMATION • New species are formed by: • Animals within the same species are separated by a barrier, (water, mountains, etc). • They live apart for thousands of years with different living conditions. • 2. Natural selection takes place within the two separate regions. • 3. Individuals with the desirable traits for their specific environment survive and reproduce. • 4. Over time the two groups can become different species as they develop different adaptations. _________ __________________________ _________ _____________________ _______________ _____________________ _________

  37. Galapagos Islands • Seed Eaters • Plant Eaters • Insect Eaters • Cactus Eaters Your Text Here

  38. BOTTOM LINE: ONLY THE STRONG SURVIVE! _______________________________________________________

  39. Major Problem in Darwin’s Theory • No mechanism to explain natural selection • How could favorable variations be transmitted to later generations? • With the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in the first half of the 20th century, the missing link in evolutionary theory was found .

  40. Opposition to Evolution • The upheaval surrounding evolution began with Darwin’s publication of On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection • The debate continues nearly 150 years later

  41. HUMAN EVOLUTION Common Misconception: HUMANS COME FROM MONKEYS

  42. PRIMATES OLD WORLD MONKEYS APES NEW WORLD MONKEYS • Some have tails • Nostrils Point Downwards • No tails • Have tails • Nostrils Point Upwards Patas monkey(Africa) Hamadryas baboon(Africa) Congo Gorilla Prehensile tails   (spider monkeys)   Howler Monkey

  43. PRIMATE EVOLUTION “Before Monkey” PROSIMIANS NEW WORLD MONKEYS OLD WORLD MONKEYS APES HUMANS 40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

  44. HUMAN EVOLUTION APES Walked upright, very short. “Lucy” AUSTRALOPITHECUS _____________________________________ HOMO HABILIS Used tools, somewhat taller. Lived in Africa _____________________________________ HOMO ERECTUS Lived in Europe. Continental drift? _____________________________________ HOMO SAPIEN Neanderthal _____________________________________ HOMO SAPIEN SAPIEN Cave Drawings, This is us! _____________________________________ 10 MILLION YEARS AGO Ardi Did humans evolve?

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