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Ethics ♣

Ethics ♣. Chapter 5.  Back to Brief Contents. Research Ethics: What Are They?  Ethical Dilemmas  Ethical Guidelines  APA Ethical Standards for Research Issues Raised by the APA Code of Ethics 

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Ethics ♣

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  1. Ethics ♣ Chapter 5 Back to Brief Contents • Research Ethics: What Are They?  • Ethical Dilemmas  • Ethical Guidelines  • APA Ethical Standards for Research • Issues Raised by the APA Code of Ethics  • Ethics of Animal Research 

  2. 5.1 Research Ethics: What Are They? Back to Chapter Contents • Definition of “Research Ethics” A set of guidelines to assist the experimenter in conducting ethical research • Ethical concerns (Diener & Crandall, 1978) • Relationship Between Society and Science  • Professional Issues  • Treatment of Research Participants 

  3. 5.1.1 Relationship Between Society and Science Back to Chapter Contents • Society • Government funding of scientific research • Congressional influence on which studies are funded • Corporate (財團法人) funding of scientific research • Culture Scientist’s own culturally based interests >> 5.1

  4. 5.1.2 Professional Issues -1 Back to Chapter Contents • Scientific Misconduct • Definition (by OSTP, 2000) Fabricating, falsifying, or plagiarizing (FFP) the proposing, performing, reviewing, or reporting of research results >> 5.1

  5. 5.1.2 Professional Issues -2 (end) Back to Chapter Contents • Scientific Misconduct • Other less serious issues • (ex) failing to present data contradicting one’s own work • (ex) changing the design to meet pressure from a funding source • Developing an institutional culture of ethical behavior --best way of combating this. Tab 5.1 >> 5.1

  6. 5.1.3 Treatment of Research Participants Back to Chapter Contents • Welfare of the research participant was disregarded in favor of science • (ex) radiation experiment >> 5.1

  7. 5.2 Ethical Dilemmas Back to Chapter Contents • Ethical Dilemma • Definition—deciding if the benefit of the research is greater than the cost to the participants • Primary consideration—welfare of the participant • Role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) • Review researchprotocols to assess ethical acceptability of a study Tab 5.2 • Use of the decision-plane model for making decisions Fig 5.1

  8. 5.3 Ethical Guidelines Back to Chapter Contents • Respect for Persons and Their Autonomy  • Beneficence and Nonmaleficence  • Justice  • Trust  • Fidelity and Scientific Integrity 

  9. 5.3.1 Respect for Persons and Their Autonomy Back to Chapter Contents • An Autonomous Person Capable of making decisions and following them • Participant’s Informed Consent • Difficulties • Limited or diminished capacity to understand • Solution: Proxy (代理人) >> 5.3

  10. 5.3.2 Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Back to Chapter Contents • Beneficence(善行) : doing good Maximize the probability that participants receive some benefit • Nonmaleficence(不害) : doing no harm Minimize the probability of harm to the participant • IRB: review >> 5.3

  11. 5.3.3 Justice Back to Chapter Contents • All participants receive equal benefits • The research participants benefit as much as nonparticipants • Difficulties: Can not be known prior to its completion >> 5.3

  12. 5.3.4 Trust Back to Chapter Contents • Researchers should establish and maintain a relationship of trust with the research participants. • Compromised • Deception • Confidentiality (匿名，保密)not maintained >> 5.3

  13. 5.3.5 Fidelity and Scientific Integrity Back to Chapter Contents • Conduct quality research • Truthfully report the research >> 5.3

  14. 5.5 Issues Raised by the APA Code of Ethics Back to Chapter Contents • Institutional Approval • Informed Consent  • Deception  • Debriefing  • Coercion and Freedom to Decline Participation  • Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy  • Ethical Issues in electronic research • Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report

  15. 5.5.2 Informed Consent-1 Back to Chapter Contents Informed Consent: informing of all aspects of the study that may influence the willingness to volunteer to participate • Dispensing with Informed Consent • Fig 5.2 • Not necessary (e.g., 人口普查) • Impossible (e.g., field study) • Not reasonably be assumed to create distress or harm >> 5.5

  16. 5.5.2 Informed Consent-2(end) Back to Chapter Contents • Informed Consent and Minors Assent: agreement from a minor to participate (同意) after appropriate explanation • Passive versus Active Consent Active: verbally agreeing and signing a form Passive: (from a parent or guardian) by not returning the consent form >> 5.5

  17. 5.5.3 Deception -1 Back to Chapter Contents • Types • Active deception– deception by commission Deliberately misleading by giving false information • Passive deception – deception by omission Withholding information by not giving all the details >> 5.5

  18. 5.5.3 Deception-2(end) Back to Chapter Contents • Objections • May cause participants to distrust psychologists • Potential for wronging and harming participants • Neither objection has occurredFig 5.3 • Alternatives such as role playing are inadequate • Type of studies in which it raises ethical concerns • Studies that involve invasion of privacy and/or may harm the participants >> 5.5

  19. 5.5.4 Debriefing Back to Chapter Contents Debriefing: A postexperimental discussion or interview about the details of the study, including an explanation for the use of any deception • Goal: Dehoaxing & Desensitizing • Dehoaxing Debriefing the P about any deception used • Desensitizing Elimination any undesirable influence >> 5.5

  20. 5.5.5 Coercion and Freedom to Decline Participation Back to Chapter Contents • Fig 5.4 >> 5.5

  21. 5.5.6 Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy -1 Back to Chapter Contents • Privacy Having control of others access to information about you • Two aspects to privacy(Folkman, 2000) • When and under what circumstances others get your information • You must be able to decline receiving information that you do not want >> 5.5

  22. 5.5.6 Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy -2(end) Back to Chapter Contents • Confidentiality Not revealing information obtained from a research P to anyone outside the research group • Anonymity Keeping the identity of the research P unknown >> 5.5

  23. 5.5.7 Ethical Issues in electronic research -1 Back to Chapter Contents • Informed consent • Complicated because there is no clear distinction between what is public and what is private over the internet • How to obtain informed consent • Can put a consent to participate form on line • Does the participant understand it • How do you answer questions about the study >> 5.5

  24. 5.5.7 Ethical Issues in electronic research -2 Back to Chapter Contents • Privacy and confidentiality • Hackers can obtain the data • But data can be encrypted (譯成密碼) and the only connection to the participant is the IP address >> 5.5

  25. 5.5.7 Ethical Issues in electronic research -3 (end) Back to Chapter Contents • Debriefing • Difficult to do • If person terminates the study early • If connection with the study is broken by computer crash or power outage • Ways to maximize probability of debriefing • Have participant provide an e-mail address • Provide a ‘leave the study’ radio button • Incorporate a debriefing page into the program so it is delivered directly to the participant >> 5.5

  26. 5.5.7 Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report -1 Back to Chapter Contents • Principles to follow • Justice—who will be the author(s) • Scientific integrity—accurate and honest reporting • Authorship • Substantial contribution: conceptualization, design, execution, analysis, or interpretation of the study • Contribution of a technical nature: acknowledged in a footnote (附註) >> 5.5

  27. 5.5.7 Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report -2 (end) Back to Chapter Contents • Writing the Research Report • Presentation should be honest and written with integrity • Avoid plagiarism—not giving another person credit for their work • How to indicate another’s work • Quotation marks • Indented material (citation) >> 5.5

  28. 5.6 Ethics of Animal Research Back to Chapter Contents • Animal Rights • Alternatives to the Use of Animals • Safeguards in the Use of Animals • Animal Research Guidelines

  29. 5.6.4 Animal Research Guideline-1 Back to Chapter Contents Focus on animal welfare and notanimal right • Animal welfare Improving the lab conditions & reducing the number of animals used • Animal right The belief that a animals have the rights similar to humans and should not be used in research >> 5.6

  30. 5.6.4 Animal Research Guideline-2(end) Back to Chapter Contents 1. Justification of the Research 2. Personnel 3. Care and Housing of Animals 4. Acquisition of Animals 5. Experimental Procedures (p.173) 6. Field Research 7. Educational Use of Animals >> 5.6

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