Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center

1. RETENTION WITHOUT DRILLS How Corpora Inform Second Language Acquisition By Daniel Wang daniel.wang1@us.army.mil Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center

2. Challenges faced by Adult L2s in SLA • Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Factors • Chinese as surmountable challenge: Recent corpus research reports 53,623words, of which there are 10,632 polysemous words • The need for a structured and incremental approach to introducing, acquiring and applying vocabulary in a communicative setting

3. Non-Drill Approaches To Ensure Retention To Address Challenges Learners Face While Acquiring, Reviewing and Applying Vocabulary, this Presentation Seeks to: • Introduce Motivational Dimensions in Adult L2’s SLA Process, • Introduce Currently Ongoing Research Based on Respected Corpora, • Discuss Practical Applications Derived From These Results, • Introduce A Curriculum Design That Enables A Natural Progression Through FLO Topics, • Discuss How This Combination Enhances Learners’ Metacognitive Skills As Well As Automaticity, and • Conclude by Discussing How the Above Methods Address Adult L2’s Motivational Dimensions.

4. Scherer’s Five Dimensions of Appraisal: Novelty Pleasantness Goal relevance Coping potential Self and social image/ compatibility Challenge One: Intrinsic MotivationFrom Appraisal to Motivation

5. Amygdala Orbitofrontal Cortex Body Proper A Tripartite System for Stimulus Appraisal

6. Sensory Association Cortex Orbitofrontal Cortex(Makes decisions based on stimuli’s value assessments) Sensory Cortex(processes sensory inputs) Amygdala (“Hey, we hate that / love that”) Hypothalamus(Hormonal control of physical responses to emotions) Thalamus (sorts and routes input) Brain Stem * Reticular formation carries consciousness * Medulla oblongata controls basic body functions * Pons relays movement info between cortex and cerebellum * Midbrain coordinates sensory and motor functions Stimulus(visual, tactile, auditory and gustatory) Endocrine System(Internal regulation – controls body functions by secreting hormones and peptides) Motor System(External regulation -- body movements) Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic NS(Reactive – agitation response, fight or flight) Parasympathetic NS (Rest, digestion and growth)

7. Challenge Two: Massive Burden of Vocabulary • By extrapolating patterns and structures out of the natural language, corpora research helps ensure goal relevance by shedding light on more natural approaches to curriculum design and classroom practices. • Corpora research help learners cope with the enormous bank of Chinese vocabulary by suggesting better learning strategies.

8. Comprehension Process

9. We sure can’t ask learners to “just go through the dictionary”...

10. Meaning of a Chinese character… Should not be viewed as a pinpoint, but as a sphere of possibilities that changes with context and evolves with time. 汉学家 名字 数字 赤字 汉语拼音方案 汉堡 汉字 汉 字 八字没一撇 老子英雄儿好汉 金刚铁汉 门外汉 单身汉 字幕 字里行间 字帖

11. Question: How Then Do We Prioritize Vocabulary for Structured Learner Retention? Solution: Corpora Research

12. Corpora Consulted in this Research Project • 现代汉语研究语料库 • 清华大学ZW大型通用汉语语料库 • 現代漢語平衡語料庫 • Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese

13. According to Latest Data from the 现代汉语研究语料库, Each POS Occupies the Following Percent in the Chinese Language

14. POS Frequency of Occurrence and Percentage Represented Derived From 清华大学ZW大型通用汉语语料库

15. When the following formula is used… 占总词条比率 Percentage Represented ----------------------------------- = “per-word payoff” 出现频率 (i.e. Effectiveness Ratio) Frequency of Occurrence The Following Analyses Become Possible:

16. We find that: • Pronouns’ Effectiveness Ratio (per-word payoff) = 6.21% / 1.66% = 3.74 • Nouns’ Effectiveness Ratio (per-word payoff) = 31.42 / 48.76 = 0.64 • By Comparison: A regimen that assigns priority early on to pronouns will be 6.13 times more efficient than a regimen favoring nouns

17. Research Results Show that: When Designing Curriculum, Teaching or Learning, Vocabulary Should be Prioritized by POS

18. Natural Collocation by POS (1)Derived From 清华大学ZW大型通用汉语语料库

19. Natural Collocation by POS (2) Calculations Based On 清华大学ZW大型通用汉语语料库

20. Research Result: Priorities for Introduction and Acquisition(Collocation Freq Intersection with Word Freq)

22. Challenge Three: Structured and Incremental Approach is Needed to… • Navigate through the FLO topics in natural progression, • Pace the introduction of vocabulary in a manageable and digestible fashion, and • Develop a thorough understanding of natural phenomena in the Chinese language.

23. Research Finding: Natural Progression Through FLO Topics (1)

24. Research Finding: Natural Progression Through FLO Topics (2)

25. Select Keywords By FLO Topics • Example -- Military：军事、军队、国防、空军、海军、征兵、服役、转业、民兵、预备役、军衔、复员、文职、后勤、装备、战备、作战、训练、防空、军需、武器、弹药、退伍…

26. Sample Expansion of Vocabulary by theme/ FLO topics (1) • Military • 十面埋伏 • 十年磨剑 • 十年生聚，十… • 十生九死 • 十死一生 • 十围五攻 • 三十六策，走为上策 • 三十六计，走为上策 • 十二金牌 • (十拿九稳 ) • (十全十美 ) • (十万火急 ) • (十字街头 ) • (十字路口 )

27. Sample Expansion of Vocabulary by theme/ FLO topics (2) • Social/economic -- education • 九流十家 • 十年寒窗 • 十载寒窗 • 闻一知十 • 举十知九 • 一目十行 • (十拿九稳 ) • (十全十美 ) • (十万火急 ) • (十字街头 ) • (十字路口 )

28. Sample Expansion of Vocabulary by theme/ FLO topics (3) • Social/Econmic -- Employment • 九儒十丐 • 七十二行 • 三百六十行 • 三十而立 • 三十六行 • 十年树木，百年树人 • 十羊九牧 • 十步芳草 • (十拿九稳 ) • (十全十美 ) • (十万火急 ) • (十字街头 ) • (十字路口 )

29. When Vocabulary Requirement Considerations Take into Account… • Frequency of use • Percentage representation in overall language, as well as • FLO Topics

30. More and potentially better paths to the goal become discernable, and • The resultant vocabulary pool is far more manageable to students, increasing students’ coping potential.

31. Curriculum Samples • In the interest of time, this presentation will narrow in on the first five weeks of the Intermediate Level Course.

32. STATISTICAL ANALYSES (1)Text: Intermediate Weeks 1-5Total Number of Lessons: 11Number of Distinct Texts: 17

33. STATISTICAL ANALYSES (2)Text: Intermediate Weeks 1-5Total Number of Lessons: 11Number of Distinct Texts: 17

34. Sample Passage (1) UNDP報告中所謂中國對周邊國家的“威脅”，無非是兩個方面：第一，中國的勞動力成本低廉；第二，中國與這些國家出口產品基本同質。其實歸結為一點，那就是相對於發達國家，中國與周邊國家具有相同的優勢，因此，產業間和產業內的相互競爭不可避免。在聯合國發展項目委員會看來，這純粹是一個零和博弈：中國得即周邊國家失。造成目前這種局面的原因僅僅在於中國先行一步，周邊國家“未能趕上中國的步伐”。

35. Sample Passage (2) UNDP 报告 中 所谓 中国 对 周边 国家 的 “ 威胁 ”， 无非 是 两 个 方面 ： 第一 ， 中国 的 劳动力 成本 低廉 ； 第 二 ， 中国 与 这些 国家 出口 产品 基本 同质 。 其实 归结 为 一点 ， 那 就 是 相对 于 发达国家 ， 中国 与 周边 国家 具有 相同 的 优势 ， 因此 ， 产业 间 和 产业 内 的 相互 竞争 不 可 避免 。 在 联合国 发展 项目 委员会 看来 ， 这 纯粹 是 一 个 零和 博弈 ： 中国 得 即 周边 国家 失 。 造成 目前 这 种 局面 的 原因 仅仅 在于 中国 先行 一 步 ， 周边 国家 “ 未能 赶 上 中国 的 步伐 ”。

36. Sample Tasks/Activities (1)

37. Sample Tasks/Activities (2)

38. Sample Tasks/Activities (3)

39. Corpora Basis for Choice of Production Operators (1)

40. Corpora Basis for Choice of Production Operators (2) • Mean Frequency Percentile Showed That: Words required for this task is within top 2.51% most common in the language, learners' production proficiencies will benefit from these choices.

41. Corpora Basis for Choice of Production Operators (3) • “Per Unit Categorical Effectiveness of Task with These POS” Showed That: POS of these words are very common (averages to be within top 2.51% most commonly seen), highly adaptable in substitution and expansion exercises.

42. Corpora Basis for Choice of Production Operators (4) • “Mean Unit (3) Categorical Frequency for These POS Pairing Sequences” Showed That: These POS pairing sequences often appear, meaning learners are likely to find this pairing to be helpful in production tasks.

43. Corpora Basis for Choice of Production Operators (5)

44. Sample Snapshot of Application Under Development: Learner’s Dictionary

45. Future Direction of This Research • Learner’s Dictionary • Correlation to DLPT5: Correlation under validation, to be released once target sample size has been reached.

46. Aren’t You Glad I Used A Systemic Approach in This Presentation As Opposed to the “Fire Hose” Approach?

47. Thank You for Coming. Are There Any Questions?

48. References and Sources参考文献与资料来源 • Bloom, B. S. (Ed.) (1989). Taxonomy of educational objectives. Handbook I: cognitive domain. New York, McKay. • Cepeda, NJ, Vul E., Rohrer, D., Wixted, JT, Pashler, H. Spacing effects in learning: a temporal ridgeline of optimal retention. Psychol Sci 2008;19(11):1095-102. • Leaver, Betty Lou. (2003). Achieving Native-Like Second Language Proficiency, A Catalogue of Critical Factors, Vol 1 Speaking: 101-106. Salinas, CA: MSI Press-CDLC Imprints.  • Hauptman, J. (2004). The Effect of the Integrated Key Word Method on Vocabulary Retention and Motivation. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Leicester.

49. References and Sources (cont.)参考文献与资料来源 （续） • McEnery A., Xiao Z., The Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese: A Corpus for Monolingual and Contrastive Language Study, LREC 2004 Proceedings, pp. 1175—1178. • Schumann, John H. (1999). The Neurobiology of Affect in Language Learning. Wiley-Blackwell. • Wang, Daniel. (2008, December). Paving the Road to Near-Native Reading Proficiency -- Application of Sight Translation in the Classroom Environment. Presentation at the 6th CDLC Conference, Linthicum Heights, MD. • Wang, Daniel. (2008, March). Accelerated Character Recognition Course (ACRC) 簡繁轉換精簡教程. Presentation at the LEARN Conference, Monterey, CA.

50. References and Sources (cont.) 参考文献与资料来源 （续） • 《国务院公文主题词表》 • 《康熙部首》 • 柯華葳、陳明蕾、廖家寧（2005），〈詞頻、詞彙類型與眼球運動型態：來自篇章閱讀的證據〉，《中華心理學刊》，47，頁381-398。(TSSCI) • 王惠：词义•词长•词频——《现代汉语词典》(第5版)多义词计量分析，《中国语文》，2009（2）