User Access to Router

1. User Access to Router Securing Access

2. Example Scenario • Set up authentication for the console, auxiliary, and VTY lines to use the local authentication database (login local) • Two administrative machines: 192.168.3.10 and 192.168.3.11 • For the VTY lines, restrict Telnet (and SSH) access to only the two administrative PCs. • Disable specific services: HTTP, HTTPS, and SNMP • For both the auxiliary and VTY lines, limit their idle timeout to 5 minutes • Allow SSH access, which gives the two administrators encrypted access to the Skunk router • Set up an ACL that allows SSH (TCP 22) but denies Telnet (TCP 23) to the router

3. Privilege levels in Cisco routers • Cisco IOS offers 16 privilege levels • User Exec mode: Level 1 • Privilege EXEC mode: Level 15 • additional levels of access to commands, called privilege levels can be configured to protect the system from unauthorized access • Configures the specified privilege level to allow access to the specified command or, if the all keyword is used, to all commands that start with the specified string • Router(config)#privilege exec all level 5 show ip • Sets the password for the specified privilege level. This is the password users will enter after entering the enable level command to access the specified level. • Router(config)#enable secret password level 6 0 letmein • 0 indicates an unencrypted password string follows, • 5 indicates an encrypted password string follows • do copy running-config startup-config • Router> enable 15 • Password: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/12_2t/12_2t13/feature/guide/ftprienh.html#wp1027184

4. Local Access: Console and Auxiliary • To assign a static password to the console line, use the following configuration: • Router(config)# line console 0  • Router(config-line)# password password • Solution • encrypting the clear-text password, and • use a secure form of copying of your configuration to an external server without having to use TFTP, which lacks any authentication and encryption method • Problem: The password that you enter in the password command is a clear-text password • Access to clear text password if someone is looking over your shoulder or if you back up your configuration to a TFTP server with the copy running-config tftp command

5. To allow access through the auxiliary or VTY lines • Cisco uses VTY lines to handle incoming and outgoing Telnet connections. VTYs are basically logical lines: The Cisco IOS treats them as a physical line from a configuration and operation perspective, but they are not something that you physically can touch with your hands • Example: • Router(config)# line vty 0 4  • Router(config-line)# password cisco  • Router(config-line)# login • Router(config)# line vty 0 4  • Router(config-line)# [no] login [local] • Login • The login command, by itself, specifies the use of authentication • it checks for a password configured with the password line-configuration command • no login • To disable authentication checking • (never is recommended for any type of connection, whether local or remote access) • login local • you can override the use of the password configured on the line and use other methods, such as a local username and password database, by specifying

6. Login Connection Timeouts • By default, console, auxiliary, and Telnet (VTY) sessions time out after 10 minutes of idling. You can override this with the exec-timeout command • Router(config)# line type #  • Router(config-line)# exec-timeout minutes seconds  • This simple example sets the timeout to 5 minutes for Telnet sessions • Router(config)# line vty 0 4 • Router(config-line)# exec-timeout 5 0

7. Secure Shell • Two components are required for SSH to function: • Server • Client • Before setting up SSH, you must install a Cisco IOS image that supports DES or 3DES (this requires the image to support IPSec). For both router client and server functions to work, you need at least Cisco IOS 12.1(3)T. The SSH server provides a secure connection, which is encrypted, to the Cisco IOS CLI. This connection is similar to an encrypted Telnet connection. The SSH client runs the SSH protocol to connect to an SSH server, and it must support the Data Encryption Standard (DES) or 3DES as well as password authentication. Authentication is performed in a normal fashion: Users can be authenticated using local mechanisms or by using an external security server. Cisco routers support both server and client connections

8. Configuring secure shell • Step 1. Assign a name to the router (required). • Router(config)# hostname router_name  • Step 2. Assign a domain name to the router (required). • Router(config)# ip domain-name DNS_domain_name  • Step 3. Generate your encryption keys (required). • Router(config)# crypto key generate rsa • Step 4. Set up your VTY access for SSH (optional, but recommended):  • Router(config)# username name secret password  • Router(config)# line vty 0 4 • Router(config-line)# transport input ssh • Router(config-line)# transport output ssh  • Router(config-line) login local • Step 5. Tune the SSH server (optional). • Router(config)# ip ssh {[timeout seconds] | [authentication-retries integer]} • Step 6. Verify SSH server operation (optional). Router# show ssh Router# show ip ssh

9. Securing Web Browser access • Cisco supports the use of a web browser to access and manage a Cisco router • By default, the HTTP server function on the router is disabled. To configure HTTP access, use the following steps: • Step 1. Enable the HTTP server (required). • Router(config)# ip http server • Step 2. Define an authentication method (highly recommended). • Router(config)# ip http authentication {aaa | enable | local} • Step 3. Restrict access through HTTP (highly recommended). • Router(config)# ip http access-class standard_ACL_#This command enables you to restrict, based on the source IP address of the client, which devices are allowed HTTP or HTTPS access to the route. • Step 4. Change the HTTP port number (optional). • Router(config)# ip http port port_# • By default, the Cisco IOS uses port 80 for HTTP connections; however, you can change this port to a different number with the ip http port command. By changing the port number to a nonstandard one, you make it more difficult for a hacker to determine that you are running a web server on the router. • Step 5. Change the location of HTML files (optional). • Router(config)# ip http path URL_location • Step 6. Restrict the number of HTTP connections (recommended). • Router(config)# ip http max-connections #_of_connections

10. Example • Router(config)# access-list 1 permit 172.16.3.10  • Router(config)# access-list 1 permit 172.16.3.11  • Router(config)# username richard privilege 15 secret bigXdogYlover  • Router(config)# username natalie privilege 15 secret BIGxDOGyLOVER  • Router(config)# ip http server  • Router(config)# ip http authentication local  • Router(config)# ip http access-class 1 • Allow only two devices are allowed HTTP access to the router: 172.16.3.10 and 172.16.3.11 • Both administrators have accounts set up, and the router uses the local authentication database (username commands) to perform the authentication. • One interesting thing to point out about the username commands is the privilege 15

11. Example Scenario • Set up authentication for the console, auxiliary, and VTY lines to use the local authentication database (login local) • Two administrative machines: 192.168.3.10 and 192.168.3.11 • For the VTY lines, restrict Telnet (and SSH) access to only the two administrative PCs. • Disable specific services: HTTP, HTTPS, and SNMP • For both the auxiliary and VTY lines, limit their idle timeout to 5 minutes • Allow SSH access, which gives the two administrators encrypted access to the Skunk router • Set up an ACL that allows SSH (TCP 22) but denies Telnet (TCP 23) to the router