Analyzing the Avian Flu

1. Analyzing the Avian Flu Project by Ben Krentz, Sean McKenna, Shane Prondzinski, and Justin Schield

2. 7 million people have just died!!! 1 billion are sick!!! All from a mutation….

4. Proteins • Structure  Function • Varied sizes and shapes • Essential to life; viruses and other cells

5. Proteins • Proteins comprise of amino acids. Example:

6. Proteins • Bends and kinks in models • Example: disulphide bond • Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels.

7. Viruses • Non-living organisms. • Cannot replicate.

8. Viruses • DNA or RNA inside of a protective coating, or a capsid.

9. Viruses • Bacteriophages infect prokaryotic cells. Example: T4 Phage

10. Viruses • Must infect a cell to replicate. Example: HIV Virus

11. Influenza • Contagious disease • Results from RNA viruses. • This family affect vertebrates. • Surface proteins like hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA).

13. Influenza • Seasonal epidemics from old strains. • Thousands of deaths • Dangerous new strains of viruses result in major pandemics. • Millions to billions of deaths. • Influenza A, B, and C

14. Avian Influenza • Bird symptoms of influenza: • Ruffled feathers • Depression • Alertness decreases • Swelling • Edema • Bruising • Congestion

15. Avian Influenza • Human symptoms of influenza: • Fever • Cough • Sore throat • Muscle aches • Other symptoms: • Infections of the eye • Pneumonia • Trouble with the lungs

16. Avian Influenza • Avian influenza = Influenza A. • High mutation rate. • Classified like H5N1.

17. Avian Influenza • 16 HA subtypes and 9 NA subtypes. • Superflu: resistant strains of these influenza viruses. Example: Hong Kong Flu Virions

18. Avian Influenza • Spread to humans through birds. • Still cannot spread among humans. • Mutation from pigs could allow human to human transfer.

21. H5N1 Threat This map was made as of April 21, 2006

22. H5N1 Threat Updated: May 16, 2006

23. H5N1 Threat • To protect animals, current infected ones are disposed of. • Neuraminidase inhibitors • Tamiflu • Low supply of these vaccines.

24. H5N1 Threat • 217 humans have been infected.* • 123 have died from H5N1.* *As stated by World Health Organization (WHO).

25. H5N1 Threat

26. H5N1 Threat

27. H5N1 Threat

28. H5N1 Threat • The mutations of HA and NA could be dangerous combos. • Mutations become lethal and fatal by being more resistant to modern medical means.

29. H5N1 Threat • For now, vaccines are our only hope. • Looking at H5N1, chemically, there may be a new method to help end this threat, such as HA. 1HTM: 5HMG:

30. HA: Viral Injector • Haemagluttinin aids the lytic cycle. • Transfers nuclear material for replication.

31. HA: Viral Injector • Attaches to the cell membrane of the host cell. • Cell “captures” the HA inside of a vacuole, or a “bubble.” • A biological “trojan.”

32. HA: Viral Injector • At pH of 5, HA fuses to cell membrane. • Collapses the membrane. • Cycle repeats.

33. HA: Viral Injector • Attaches to human lung cells (epithelial) because of mutations of the HA. • Increased attachment due to increased area. • The actual mutations occur between a few amino acids (4454 total amino acids in H5N1).

35. HA: Viral Injector • Mutations near the carboxyl end lead to changes of secondary structure. • Thus, gross energy changes.* *Note: These changes are not yet fully understood, nor their roles in the H5N1’s altered operations.*

36. H1N1 Regular HA H5N1

37. H1N1 Regular HA H5N1

38. Central H5N1 1918 H1N1

39. Sialic Acid Sialic Acid on Regular HA Sialic Acid in Neuraminidase

40. Antibody involvement with regular HA

41. Conclusion • Understanding proteins and structure  knowledge of cellular operations. • HA structure analysis  vaccine: -Alter pH of virus? -Regulate sialic acid in the system? -”Cellular armor” for cell membrane? • Mutations infer future epidemic.

42. If the avian flu mutates, is the world ready?

43. Acknowledgements • Mr. Heeren • Contacts at MSOE: • Dr. Colton • Dr. Herman • Dr. Morris • Dr. Patrick • Zcorp for the plaster models • 3-D Modeling Company (CBM) for toober

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