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PLIOCENE

?. MIOCENE. PLIOCENE. PLEISTOCENE. 5.3. 1.8. Plio-Pleistocene. Homo erectus Distribution. Throughout Africa from 1.8 Ma First hominin to appear outside of Africa Appears in Asia ca. 1.8 Ma ? Adapted to both tropical and temperate Climates. Oldowan “Chopper”.

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PLIOCENE

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  1. ? MIOCENE PLIOCENE PLEISTOCENE 5.3 1.8 Plio-Pleistocene

  2. Homo erectus Distribution • Throughout Africa from 1.8 Ma • First hominin to appear outside of Africa • Appears in Asia ca. 1.8 Ma ? • Adapted to both tropical and temperate Climates

  3. Oldowan “Chopper” Acheulian “Biface” or “Handaxe”

  4. OLDUVAI GORGE

  5. Elephas recki Olorgesailie (Kenya) 1.2 – 0.05 Ma Acheulean Handaxes Butchered fauna ! Theropithecus oswaldi

  6. http://www.dmanisi.org.ge/

  7. NEW SKULL DISCOVERED in situ ! Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia) • 1.8 MA (2 – 1.5 Ma) • Oldowan-type tools !! • 3 hominid skulls, misc. jaws, etc. • lots of fauna & artifacts

  8. D 2282

  9. JAVA (Southeast Asia)

  10. Sangiran -- 1930s G.H.R. von Koeningswald

  11. Ngandong -- 1930s 53,000 - 27,000 BP

  12. Zhoukoudian (Main Cave)

  13. Davidson Black Sinanthropus pekinensis

  14. Skull 5 -- Individual H

  15. Zhoukoudian

  16. Pithecanthropus Meganthropus Sinanthropus

  17. Zhoukoudian Main Cave artifacts

  18. Homo erectus Culture • Acheulean Industry (exc East Asia) • Bifacial hand axes and cleavers • Diversified tool kits • (?Cooperative) hunting of big-game animals • evidence for simple shelters • earliest occupation of cave sites • evidence for controlled use of fire • Open question: language

  19. Anatomical Insights • Thorax shape: hunting • Basicranial flexion: language

  20. Early Hominid Lifeways • Reconstructing behavior • Climatic/environmental changes • DietMeat eating Food sharingForaging • Social organizationSexual division of laborHome bases?

  21. ANALOGUES • Chimps: • Similar brain size to australopithecines • Precursor traits to human societies • Tools, Hunting, Food Sharing • Contemporary foragers: • Fully modern anatomically and culturally • What features represent historical universals? • Reconstructing ecology

  22. The Limits of Analogy • Behavior does not fossilize • Chimp “culture” is population specific • Human foragers are not living fossils • Stone Age Economics

  23. Homo sapiens • Suite of intermediate characters • previously ‘archaic’ H. sapiens or pre-sapiens • oversimplifies the evolutionary picture • Transitional Homo erectus/ergaster

  24. Weidenreich (1943) & Coon (1962) Saw independent line to modern humans P. robustus P. erectus H. soloensis H. sapiens (Wadjak)

  25. Archaic H. sapiens Archaic H. sapiens Archaic H. sapiens H. erectus Archaic Homo sapiens Africa Europe Asia AMH 300 ka 500 ka 600 ka

  26. archaic Homo sapiens • by start of Middle Pleistocene (0.7 - 0.2 Ma) H. erectus firmly established • Africa • Tropical Asia • Temperate Asia • Temperate Europe • replaced by “archaic Homo sapiens” • now referred to Homo heidelbergensis

  27. Homo heidelbergensis • Mauer Jaw • massive mandible -- both primitive (robust) & derived (small molars) • was for a long time the “oldest” European fossil • type specimen • ca. 500,000 years old Mauer Jaw (W. Germany)

  28. Homo heidelbergensis • Slightly larger more globular braincase (1000 -1400 cm3) • steeper forehead and rounded back of skull • skull broadest higher up • thinner skull bones, reduced musculature • mandible and face reduced, smaller molars • Old World Distribution • 800,000 – 200,000 years ago

  29. Homo heidelbergensis Arago, 21, France Kabwe, Zambia Petralona, Greece Bodo, Ethiopia

  30. Figure 13.17 • Found 1984 • 200 Ka • 1300 cc (largest transitional in Far East) • contemporaneous with H. erectus at Zhoukoudian

  31. Figure 13.20c

  32. Figure 13.20b

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