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PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. By: Ms. Santoshi Naik Assistant Professor Yenepoya Pharmacy College and Research Centre. Definition.
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PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS By: Ms. Santoshi Naik Assistant Professor Yenepoya Pharmacy College and Research Centre
Definition • A psychiatric disorder, also called a mental illnessormental disorder, is a behavioural or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. • A wide range of conditions that affect mood, thinking and behaviour. • Such features may be persistent, relapsing or occur as a single episode.
Definition • A mental health disorder characterised by persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, causing significant impairment in daily life.
Symptoms of Depression • Feeling sad or having a depressed mood • Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed • Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much • Loss of energy or increased fatigue • Increase in purposeless physical activity (e.g., hand-wringing) • Feeling worthless or guilty • Difficulty thinking, concentrating or making decisions • Thoughts of death or suicide
Risk factors for Depression • Certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem and being too dependent. • Traumatic or stressful events, such as physical or sexual abuse, the death or loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or financial problems. • Blood relatives with a history of depression, bipolar disorder, alcoholism or suicide.
Being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, or having variations in the development of genital organs that aren't clearly male or female (intersex). • Serious or chronic illness, including cancer, stroke, chronic pain or heart disease. • Certain medications, such as some high blood pressure medications or sleeping pills.
Definition • Mania is the Greek word for madness. • Mania, also known as manic syndrome, is a state of abnormallyelevated energy level or a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced expression.
Symptoms of Mania • Elation (great happiness) • Irritable mood • Reduced sleep • Hyperactivity • Uncontrollable thought and speech • Reckless or violent behaviour
Definition • Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized byabnormal social behaviour and failure to understand reality. • Common symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, hearing voices that others do not, reduced social engagement and emotional expression, and a lack of motivation.
Causes of Schizophrenia • Genetic causes • The greatest single risk factor for developing schizophrenia is having: • First-degree relative - risk is 6.5% • monozygotic twins – risk is 40% • If one parent is affected- risk is 13% • If both parents are affected- risk is 50% 2. Substance Use • Drugs like cocaine and alcohol consumption is associated with development of schizophrenia.
2. Environment • Environmental factors associated with the development of schizophrenia include the living environment, drug use, and prenatal stressors. • Living in an urban environment during childhood. • Maternal (stress, nutritional deficiencies, obesity). • Other factors that play an important role include racial discrimination, family dysfunction, unemployment, and poor housing conditions.
4. Developmental factors • Factors such as hypoxia and infection, or stress and malnutrition in the mother during foetal development, may result in a slight increase in the risk of schizophrenia later in life. • People diagnosed with schizophrenia are more likely to have been born in winter or spring.
Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia is associated with changes in brain structure & brain chemistry. • The following changes are seen in schizophrenia: • Functional and structural differences in frontal lobes, hippocampus and temporal lobes of brain. • Reductions in brain volume are most pronounced in grey matter structures, although white matter abnormalities have also been found. • A progressive increase in ventricular volume in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes has also been observed
4. Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia • Excessive activation of Dopamine receptors in the brain, but the effect size is small. • Dopamine D2 receptors is hyperactive and D1 is hypoactive, both of which contribute to cognitive dysfunction. • Reduced function of NMDA Glutamate receptors is observed in schizophrenia. • NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)
Definition • A progressive neurodegenerative disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. • It is also called as senile dementia.
Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease • The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events (short-term memory loss). • As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self care, and behavioural issues. • Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death.
Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease • Genetic • Head injuries • Depression • Hypertension
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease • Alzheimer's disease is characterised by loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions of brain (thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum). • This loss results in gross atrophy of the affected regions, including degeneration in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe, and parts of the frontal cortex.
Both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are clearly visible by microscopy in brains of those afflicted by AD. • Plaques are dense, mostly insoluble deposits of beta-amyloid peptide and cellular material outside and around neurons. • Tangles (neurofibrillary tangles) are aggregates of the microtubule-associated protein tau which has become hyper phosphorylated and accumulate inside the cells themselves.
