WORLD WAR ONE

1. WORLD WAR ONE The Great War

2. Why was WWI referred to as the Great War?

3. MILITARISM (ARMS RACE) Definition- The policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war Goal : To make your countries military bigger and better than other countries Why would you want your military bigger than other countries? What problems can arise when compete against other countries military strength?

5. NATIONALISM Definition: 2 types 1. Extreme pride or loyalty in ones country 2. minorities strong want for independence Problems: Alsace-Lorraine – land had been conquered by Germany in 1871. French saw the land as theirs. Serbs wanted independence from Austria-Hungary.

6. IMPERIALISM • Definition- • When one country takes over another country both economically and politically(creating an empire) • By the late 1800’s • European countries had colonized much of the world. • Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands

7. EMPIRES before WWI

8. Alliances Definition- agreements between nations to give aid and to protect one another Usually, these alliances were made in secret

10. Germany Italy Austria-Hungary Russia France Three Emperors League (1873) The Dual Alliance (1879) The Triple Alliance (1882) The Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) The Entente Cordiale (1904) The Anglo-Russian Entente (1907) The Triple Entente (1907) Britain

11. ASSASSINATION • Definition- • To murder by surprise attack for political reasons • Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire) • Traveled to Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia) • Was assassinated by GavriloPrincip, a Serbian nationalist

12. ASSASSINATION Why is the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand referred to as the spark that started the war?

13. The Domino Effect Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. Austria blames Serbia for Archduke’s death—declares WAR Germany pledges support for Austria-Hungary due a previously established alliance. Russia pledges support for Serbia Germany declares WAR on Russia France pledges their support for Russia Germany declares WAR on France Germany invades Belgium on the way to invade France Great Britain supports Belgium and declares WAR on Germany

15. Causes of WWI M-Militarism A-Alliances N-Nationalism I-Imperialism A-Assassination

16. First Days of War • 2 sides • Central Powers • Germany • Austria- Hungary • By end of 1914 • Ottoman Empire • Bulgaria • Allies • Russia • France • Serbia • Great Britain • By the end of 1914 • Italy • Romania

17. STALEMATE Definition- A situation in which neither side is able to gain the advantage WWI became a “war of attrition” One side tries to win by wearing out the other side • Trenches • Muddy • Rat infested • “No Man’s Land” • Not prepared for Modern Warfare • Machine guns • Rapid fire artillery • Hang grenades

19. Weapons of WWI Because of heavy machine gun fire (night and day) bodies often had to be left “hangin’ on the wire” , sometimes for months Barbed wire : defensive tool

20. 1915: Grenade developed by William Mills • British began using it • Originally had a 7 second fuse • Bomber had to hold it for 3 seconds before throwing it, or the enemy might throw it back

21. Mortars: Fires explosive mortar bombs The 9.45 inch heavy mortar “The Flying Pig”

22. Trench Club : made of wood and pressed with hobnails • The head is drilled out and filled with lead

23. NEW WEAPONS • Machine Gun • Developed by American Hiram Maxim • Tanks • British invention • Equipped with machine guns • Slow, but effective on dry ground • Development of underwater listening devises • Detect U-boats

24. Airplanes • Originally – just observing • Started arming planes • Machine guns • The “Red Baron” most successful pilot in WWI • 80 confirmed victories

25. Chemical Warfare • Tear Gas: used as a terror weapon • Instilled confusing and panic • Non –lethal • Sent over first before an offensive attack • Soldiers given cotton pads soaked in urine or baking soda • Helped neutralize the chlorine in tear gas • Mustard Gas: actual a liquid not a gas • In pure form :colorless and odorless • Mixed with chemicals: looks brown and smells like garlic • Gas Rattle: warning of a gas attack, load clacking noise

26. AMERICA RESPONDS • More than 1/3 of the nation’s 92 million people were first- or second-generation immigrants. • Most American’s feared Germany’s militarism and opposed the autocrat Kaiser Wilhelm. • Trade and investments were important to business minded Americans. • On August 4th 1914-President Wilson officially proclaims the United States a neutral country. • Two movements developed: • The preparedness movement • the peace movement.

27. British Propaganda Campaign Propaganda: Information intended to sway public opinion. British newspapers published false propaganda, which spread to the U.S. These stories turned American public opinion against Germany Reports of Germans killing civilians, destroying buildings and churches, and even entire towns crowded the newspapers

28. German Submarine Warfare The German U-Boat- a new weapon that changed rules of naval warfare by targeting ships without warning Sinking of the Lusitania-a British passenger liner carrying weapons for the Allies is sunk by the Germans -128 Americans on board were included in the dead Pres. Wilson protests-Germans promise to stop sinking passenger ships without warning Germany sinks the Sussex-a French passenger ship—SUSSEX PLEDGE->Germany agrees U-Boats will warn ships before attacking Wilson is doubtful of promise, embraces preparedness, and loans more money to Allies

29. Moving Toward War • America’s neutrality begins to weaken due to a series of demands and broken promises made by the Germans • On Feb 1 - 1917 Germany violates the SUSSEX PLEDGE and resumes unrestricted submarine warfare • Wilson who was re-elected to president by running under the slogan “He kept us out of war.” cuts diplomatic ties with Germany. • Wilson asks Congress for permission to arm American Merchant ships. • The Zimmerman Note – Intercepted German telegraph • Arthur Zimmerman (Germany’s foreign secretary) • Made an offer to Mexico • If Mexico declared war of U.S. Germany would give Mexico land they had lost to the U.S. • Note was not taken seriously • Mexico was having a civil war

30. Moving Toward War • Revolution in Russia removes the autocrat Czar Nicholas II from power. This removes concerns from Americans on being allied with the czar. • Between March 16-18 Germany sinks 3 United States ships • March 20-Wilson’s cabinet votes for war

31. America in the War • Selective Service Act – draft of young men for military service • accepted by public • more that 24 million men registered • lottery picked 3 million draftees • Volunteers and National Guardsmen made up the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) • 11,000 women volunteered to serve • Nurses, drivers, clerks

32. Training • September – Draftees arrive at camps for training • Learned how to use: • Bayonet • Rifle • Dig trench • Put on gas mask • Throw grenade • Goal: 2 months of training • Reality: less than that

33. Americans on the Home Front • Liberty Bonds – sold to support the allied cause • Raised more than $20 million • Paid for ¼ of war costs • Loaned $10 million to Allies • Industry – produced war goods • War Industries Board • Told manufacturers what and how much to produce, and fixed prices • National War Labor Board • Settle labor disputes

34. American on the Home Front • 1917 – Lever Food and Fuel Control Act • Government controlled how much food people could buy • Price controls, rationing • Gasless days • Daylight savings time – lowered fuel consumption • Enforced Loyalty • Fear of espionage (spying) • “100 percent Americanism” = literacy test for immigrants • Hostility towards Germans • Books, music, and words banned • Attacks on people with German heritage • Espionage Act/ Sedition Act • Illegal to discuss anything disloyal about the American government, constitution, or army /navy. • Convicted 1,000 people under Act

35. The Convoy System • In April 1917 ALONE German U-Boats (submarines) had sunk more than 400 Allied and neutral ship • Average of 13 ships a day!!! • Convoy – a group of unarmed ships surrounded by a ring of destroyers, torpedo boats, submarines, and other naval vessels • Armed with hydrophones to track and destroy German U-boats • Extremely effective • U-boats did not sink a single U.S. ship travelling to Europe

37. American Soldiers in Europe June 1917 - AEF arrived in France American Soldiers = strong, good health, energetic Allied soldiers = tired, dirty, low moral AEF soldiers nicknamed “Doughboys” African Americans in the War • 300,000 African Americans volunteered to serve, few saw combat • Served in Segregated areas • Marines refused to accept African Americans • Army and Navy used African Americans for manual labor only • The 369th Infantry Regiment (Harlem Hell Fighters) • Persuaded white officers to allow them to fight under French offices • French integrated the regiment into their army • The entire regiment received France’s highest combat medal for their service

38. Turning the Tide of War • 1917 - Russian Revolution = Russia’s withdrawal from WWI • Germans two front war ends • Forces attack British lines • Stalemate broken • Goal: to overtake Paris

39. American’s Save Paris • American’s under General Pershing • Stopped German advance • Battle of Chateau-Thierry • After Saving Paris • 250,000 new American soldiers arrived in France each month • Allies began pushing German’s back • Allies demanded total surrender of Germans before peace talks • Sept 1918 – Battle of St. Mihiel • First attack entirely in American hands

40. Ending the War • Central Powers collapsed against Allies • Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire = peace with Allies • Austria- Hungary fell • Poles, Czechs, Slovaks declare independence • Germany = signs armistice or cease-fire on Nov 11th, 1918

41. Results of the War • 8 million soldiers dead • 50,000 of those Americans • Stopped Immigration in the U.S. • Almost all men were taken out of the work force • Minorities (African Americans, Mexican Americans) took over jobs • Great Migration – movement of African Americans from the South to the North for work • Women joined the work force

42. Global Peacemaker • President Wilson’s Fourteen Points • How to keep the peace after war • Removal of trade barriers and reduction of military forces • Hoped they would be the basis of peace negotiations • The Paris Peace Conference • 1919 • Wilson’s Fourteen Points broken apart • The League of Nations • Organization to ensure peace and security for it’s members • U.S. would not agree to it, feared it would drag the U.S. into foreign wars

43. The Peace Treaty • French, Britain, and Italy wanted harsh penalties for Germany • 9 new countries formed • “buffer zone” – keep Russia separated • The four victors would take over German colonies • Germany must pay war reparations • Payment for economic injury • Germany owed Allies $33 billion • Treaty of Versailles signed June 28th 1919

44. Reactions in America • President Wilson returns with Treaty • “irreconcilable” senators will not sign it • Would not agree to the League of Nations • President Wilson tours the country • Wanted to win American support for League • Didn’t work • Congress declared the war over, but would not sign the treaty • Congress created separate treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary

45. Postwar America • America became a world power • U.S. the “banker to the world” • Europeans owed $11.5 billion to the U.S. • Problems? • What to do with returning soldiers? • No jobs for them • Some women left jobs voluntarily or were fired • African Americans discriminated against, just like before • Americans disillusioned with war, would lead to a social revolution