3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

1. 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

2. Essential Question • What are the structures of the nervous system? 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

3. Introduction: Structures of the nervous system 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

4. Cellular structures of the nervous system Neuron- a nerve cell • Extensions of the neuron • Dendrites - many • Axon - one 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

5. Cellular structures of the nervous system Neuron- a nerve cell • Myelin sheath - a special covering of the axon ( it speeds up the impulse along the axon) • Produces a fatty substance called myelin to protect the axon • Synapse – the space between neurons (messages go from the axon of 1 cell to the dendrite of another) 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

6. Membrane Excitability Nerves carry impulses by creating electric charges Neurons have a membranes that separate its cytoplasm inside from extracellular fluids outside Neuron has a lot of K+ but little Na+; opposite of extracellular fluid; membrane allows for these ions to move in and out of the cell 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

7. Membrane Potential Resting: More positive ions (K+ has moved outside the cytoplasm) on the outside of the membrane (ready for action) Depolarization: A stimulus is initiated (i.e. sound) that converts to electrical charge which allows the “gated” Na+ ions to come into the cytoplasm (action potential) Repolarization: the neuron closes to allow no more Na+ but opens the K+ gates to allow it to escape thus sending it back to a positive outside and a negative inside 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

8. Structures of the nervous system • Central nervous system • Brain- cerebral cortex (outer) highest center of reasoning & intellect • Spinal cord 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

9. Structures of the nervous system • Peripheral nervous system • Nerves • Cranial nerves • Spinal nerves • Sensory receptors 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

10. Structures of the central nervous system: BRAIN 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

11. Structures of the central nervous system: BRAIN • Cerebrum: largest part of the brain • Divided into two hemispheres (right and left) by a deep groove called the longitudinal fissure • Frontal lobe • Occipital lobe • Parietal lobe • Temporal lobe 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

12. Frontal Lobe & Temporal Lobe • Frontal • Controls voluntary muscle movement • Controls speech in the left hemisphere (Broca) • Cells in R hemisphere control movements on L side of the body and vice-versa • Temporal • Anterior portion is smell and the rest is hearing • Wernicke area: central language area for speech understanding & comprehension 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

13. Parietal & Occipital Lobes • Parietal • Behind the frontal lobe and it is your sensory center • Where you feel pain, touch, heat, cold, and balance • Occipital • Over the cerebellum, visual area that controls eyesight 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

14. Structures of the central nervous system: BRAIN • Diencephalon • Located between the cerebrum and the midbrain • Structures • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Pineal body • Pituitary gland 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

15. Structures of the central nervous system: BRAIN • Diencephalon • Pineal Body- produces melatonin below the 3rd ventricle • Pituitary Gland-size of a grape, base of brain at the depression of the sphenoid bone; connected to hypothalamus; hormones of pituitary are controlled by hypothalamus 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

16. Structures of the central nervous system: BRAIN • Diencephalon • Thalamus – spherical mass of gray matter; deep in the cerebral hemispheres; relay station for incoming & outgoing nerve impulses • Hypothalamus – lies below the thalamus; part of the limbic system; the “brain” of the Brain • Autonomic Nervous Control • Cardiovascular (BP, constriction & dilation of vessels and heart beat) • Sleep control 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

17. Hypothalamus continued • Temperature maintains 98.6 • Appetite control- gives you signals when you are hungry & when to stop eating • Water balance-high osmotic pressure in blood signals water deficiency & ADH is secreted • Manufacture oxytocin-contracts uterus in labor • GI control- increases peristalsis • Emotional State- fear & pleasure • Mind over body experiences- when patients given terminal diagnosis but are able to will themselves well 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

18. Structures of the central nervous system: BRAIN • Limbic system • Located in the center of the brain • Encircles the top of the brain stem. • Olfactory bulb-relates food with emotions • Amygdala-emotional reactor (fear, anxiety, aggression • Hippocampus-memory & learning 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

19. Structures of the central nervous system: BRAIN • Limbic system • Parahippocampus: monitors strong emotions like rage & fright • Fornix: pathway of nerve fibers from hippocampus to mammillary body • Mammillary Body: nucleus transmits messages between fornix & thalamus • Cingulated Gyrus: Modifies Behavior & emotion • Septum pellucidum: connects fornix to corpus callosum 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

20. Structures of the central nervous system: BRAIN • Cerebellum • Controls anything regarding movement of skeletal muscles • Maintenance of balance • Maintenance of muscle tone • Coordination of muscle movements 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

21. Structures of the central nervous system: BRAIN Brainstem-has gray matter & neurons responsible for sleep-wake cycle; damage to certain area can cause coma • Midbrain-location of cerebral aqueduct assists w/ vision & hearing • Pons-2 way path for incoming and outgoing impulses for both the cerebrum & cerebellum; site of 4 cranial nerves & a respiratory control center • Medulla oblongata-white matter on outside serves as message center between brain & spinal cord; responsible for basic body functions as breathing and heart beat 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

22. Meninges Dura mater Outermost layer- Lines inside of skull; tough fibrous material that has an abundant amount of blood vessels Arachnoid Middle layer- cobweb of fluid filled spaces Pia mater Innermost layer- covers the brain surface itself CSF fills space between arachnoid and pia mater (produced within the ventricles & is our brain’s shock absorber) Structures of the central nervous system: BRAIN 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

23. Structures of the central nervous system: BRAIN • Ventricles - lined cavities deep within the brain • filled with cerebrospinal fluid • Choroid plexus – rich network of blood vessels in all 4 ventricles of the brain; aids in formation of CSF • Is selective in its ability to allow certain things to pass through (blood brain barrier) 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

24. Brain Teasers 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

25. What word do you see? Read aloud 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

26. Can you read this? 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

27. Surrounded by the vertebrae, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid Structures of the central nervous system: Spinal Cord 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

28. Spinal Cord Anatomy Grey Matter: route sensory or motor stimulus to interneurons of the CNS in order to create a response to the stimulus through chemical synapse activity. White Matter: It contains nerve fibers. Many of these nerve fibers (axons) are surrounded by a type of fat called myelin. The myelin gives the white matter it's color. Myelin acts as an insulator. It plays an important role in the speed of nerve signaling. 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

29. Peripheral Nervous System Afferent peripheral nerve system: sensory neurons that send info from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain & spinal cord Efferent peripheral Nerve System: motor neurons send info from brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands Somatic: impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles (voluntary) Autonomic: impulses from CNS to smooth muscle (involuntary) 1. Sympathetic: “fight or flight” 2. Parasympathetic: “rest & digest” Structures of the peripheral nervous system: 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

30. Structures of the peripheral nervous system • I. Olfactory • II. Optic • III. Oculomotor • IV. Trochlear • V. Trigeminal • VI. Abducens • VII. Facial • VIII. Vestibulocochlear • IX. Glossopharyngeal • X. Vagus • XI. Accessory • XII. Hypoglossal Cranial nerves 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

31. Peripheral nervous system 31 pairs of spinal nerves Named by location in the spinal cord (plexus: network of nerves in spine) Cervical Plexus (C1-C4): mvmt of shoulders & neck Brachial plexus (C5-8, T1): mvmt shoulder, wrist & hands Lumbar Plexus (T12, L1-4): mvmt of buttocks, anterior thigh & leg Sacral Plexus (L4-5, S1-2): motor mvmt leg (sciatic nerve: lgst nerve in body—gluteus maximus to knee) Structures of the PNS 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

32. Peripheral nervous system 12 cranial nerves 31 pairs of nervous Structures of the PNS Anterior View Posterior view 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

33. Motor system Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Somatic nervous system Structures of the PNS 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

34. Sympathetic nervous system Extends from the base of the brain, along both sides of the spinal column These nerves connect to all internal organs Parasympathetic nervous system The vagus nerve connects the medulla with organs of the upper body The pelvic nerve emerges from the spinal cord and connects with the organs of the lower body Structures of the PNSAutonomic nervous system 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

35. These nerves are located along the spinal cord. Connect skeleton, muscles and joints to the brain. Structures of the PNSSomatic nervous system 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

36. Structures of the CNS & PNS Check your knowledge… 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

37. Structures of the nervous system Remember this! 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system

38. Essential question • What are the structures of the nervous system? 3.01 Remember the structures of the nervous system