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Understanding Memory Storage: From Sensory to Long-Term Retention

Explore the complexities of memory storage, including iconic and echoic memories as momentary sensory experiences, and delve into the mechanics of short-term memory, constrained by duration and capacity. Learn about long-term memory formation, the impact of synaptic changes and emotional states, and the significant roles of explicit and implicit memory systems, including episodic and semantic memories. Discover the underlying neural structures like the hippocampus and how they contribute to memory retention and recall.

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Understanding Memory Storage: From Sensory to Long-Term Retention

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  1. Chapter 9 Storage: Retaining Information

  2. Storage:Retaining Information • Iconic Memory • a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli • a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second • Echoic Memory • momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

  3. Percentage who recalled consonants 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed) Storage:Short-Term Memory • Short-Term Memory • limited in duration and capacity • “magical” number 7+/-2

  4. Storage:Long-Term Memory • How does storage work? • Karl Lashley (1950) • rats learn maze • lesion cortex • test memory • Synaptic changes • Long-term Potentiation • increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation • Strong emotions make for stronger memories • some stress hormones boost learning and retention

  5. Storage:Long-Term Memory • Amnesia--the loss of memory • Explicit Memory • memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare • also called declarative memory • hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage • Implicit Memory • retention independent of conscious recollection • also called procedural memory

  6. Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems

  7. Hippocampus Storage:Long-Term Memory • MRI scan of hippocampus (in red)

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