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Human Development

Human Development. Intelligence. What is Intelligence?. The global capacity to: Act purposefully Think rationally Deal effectively with the environment. History of Intelligence Testing. Francis Galton: Classification based on “natural gifts”

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Human Development

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  1. Human Development Intelligence

  2. What is Intelligence? • The global capacity to: • Act purposefully • Think rationally • Deal effectively with the environment

  3. History of Intelligence Testing • Francis Galton: • Classification based on “natural gifts” • Eugenics- selective breeding for a “better race”

  4. History of Intelligence Testing • Binet: 1905 • Developed an intelligence test • Identifying children who need extra help • Did not believe IQ is destiny

  5. History of Intelligence Testing • Goddard: • Believed IQ is innate and cannot be changed • Brought IQ tests to the US • Advocated forced sterilization • Tested immigrants; • Determined 80% were MR

  6. IQ tests • Stanford Binet • Weschler: for adults and children

  7. The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores Fig. 8.1

  8. IQ Score Ranges: Weschler • 70-79 Borderline • 80-89 Low Average • 90-109 Average • 110-119 High Average • 120-129 Superior • 130+ Very Superior

  9. Formula for IQ • Mental Age/Chronological Age X 100 • If mental age is 12, chronological age is 10, then: • 12/10 x 100 = 120 IQ • 10/10 x 100 = 100 IQ

  10. Verbal: Information Comprehension Arithmetic Similarities Vocabulary Performance: Picture arrangement Picture completion Block design Object assembly Digit span Wechsler

  11. Change in IQ Scores • IQ scores usually become fairly stable by middle childhood • Small, gradual increases up to age 40 • IQ scores may decline due to: • Chronic illness, drinking, unstimulating lifestyles

  12. IQ Scores • What can IQ scores predict? • Correlation between IQ and school grades • Achievement test performance

  13. IQ scores • IQ is LESS predictive of motivation, leadership, talents • Only accounts for ¼ the variation in job success • Other factors: • Motivation, health, social skills

  14. Nature Genetics: Some evidence that variation in IQ scores are due to heredity Twin/adoption studies Nurture Environment Enrichment, deprivation, educational quality Intervention programs The Role of Nature/Nurture

  15. Cultural Bias in IQ Tests • Knowledge based on exposure, quality of education • “Orchestra” • “Horseback riding” • Culturally appropriate behavior: • Calling police/authorities

  16. Stereotype Threat • Anxiety that one’s behavior might confirm a negative stereotype against one’s ethnic/racial group • Measuring IQ or just assessing the test? • African-American students performed as well as other groups when they didn’t believe their IQs were being measured (Steele & Aronson, 1995)

  17. IQ Tests • Contributions? • Critique?

  18. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory • Many diverse intelligences or “ways of knowing” • Not all excel at math and verbal skills • These individuals are underserved in the educational system

  19. Verbal Mathematical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Musical Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist Multiple Intelligence Theory

  20. MI Theory in the Classroom • How would you present a topic about Native Americans using Gardner’s MI theory?

  21. Contributions Acknowledges diverse ways of knowing Educational application Critique Not specific enough Are these intelligences or talents? Difficult to measure Multiple Intelligence Theory

  22. Creativity Ability to think in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems Convergent thinking Gives one correct answer; is characteristic of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests Divergentthinking Produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity Creative Thinking

  23. Characteristics of Creative Thinkers • Flexibility and playful thinking • Inner motivation • Willingness to risk • Objective evaluation of work

  24. Mental Retardation • Both IQ and daily living skills are taken into account

  25. Classification of Mental Retardation based on IQ Fig. 8.11

  26. Adaptive Living Skills • Self-care • Assesses independence

  27. Causes of Mental Retardation • Organic: genetic disorder or brain damage • Familial: growing up in a deprived environment

  28. Savant Syndrome • “Islands of brilliance” • Developmental disabilities • The skill/talent stands in great contrast to the individual’s overall level of functioning

  29. Savant Syndrome • Autism • MR • Brain Injury/Disease • Acquired Savant Syndrome

  30. Savant Syndrome • Possible Causes • Damage to left hemisphere, right hemisphere compensates • Eidetic imagery • Practice

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