Cities at Risk :

1. Cities at Risk: Building Adaptive Capacity For Managing Climate Change in Asia’s Coastal Megacities Governance Challenges and Opportunities David Dodman and David Satterthwaite [david.dodman@iied.org / david.satterthwaite@iied.org] International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)

2. Governance Challenges and Opportunities Outline • impacts of climate change and distribution of vulnerability • the roles and responsibilities of urban authorities • the role of urban authorities in climate change adaptation • specific governance interventions for adaptation • supporting effective urban governance • governance for mitigation

3. Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas: Changes in Means

4. Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas: Changes in Extremes

5. Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas: Changes in Exposure

6. The Distribution of Vulnerability • People most at risk from climate change are those who are: • least able to avoid the direct or indirect impacts • likely to be most affected • least able to cope with the illness, injury, premature death or loss of income, livelihood or assets caused by climate change impacts Mandaue City, Philippines

7. Roles and Responsibilities of Local Authorities • Finance • Engineering/Public works • Development planning and development control • Environmental health • Public health • Social/community/safety services • Emergency services • Administration

8. How does the quality of government influence levels of climate change risk for the urban poor? • quality of provision for infrastructure • quality of provision for disaster-preparedness • quality of disaster preparedness • quality of disaster response • extent to which poorer groups can buy, build or rent ‘safe’ housing in ‘safe’ sites • degree to which local government creates an enabling environment for local civil-society action

9. Urban authorities and disaster risk Built Environment * It is important that these do not inhibit rapid responses

10. Urban authorities and disaster risk Infrastructure * Particularly important prior to extreme rainfall – which is often anticipated

11. Urban authorities and disaster risk Services * Particularly important prior to extreme rainfall – which is often anticipated

12. Key Messages for Urban Authorities There are large overlaps between most of the measures needed now for local development and those required for adaptation. There are large overlaps between climate-change adaptation and building resilience to extreme weather and disasters. Dhaka, Bangladesh

13. Urban Adaptation: Strategic Actions • Identify current conditions and vulnerability • Adjust existing, conventional city development plans and strategies • Adjust the planning and regulatory framework to support adaptation by households, community organizations, NGOs and the private sector • Respond to bottom-up pressures and support community capacities

14. Strategic Actions for Adaptation Durban, South Africa • ‘Climate Future for Durban’ programme including ‘Headline Climate Change Adaptation Strategy’ • increasing water-absorbing capacity of urban landscape • improving urban drainage and storm-sewer design • increasing height of natural shoreline stabilization measures • utilizing storm-water retention / detention ponds and constructed wetlands • land-use planning and zoning to avoid locating structures in risky areas • working with industry to reduce water demand

15. Strategic Actions for Adaptation Cape Town, South Africa Source: Mukheibir P, Ziervogel G (2007). ‘Developing a Municipal Adaptation Plan for climate change: the city of Cape Town’ Environment and Urbanization 19(1): 143-158.

16. Physical Pressures (Climate Change) Demographic Pressures (Urbanization) Supporting Effective Urban Governance National Governments Donors Funding Financial and Legal Frameworks Local Authorities Citizen Pressure and Accountability Urban Residents

17. Governance for Mitigation Source: Dodman D (2009). ‘Blaming cities for climate change? An analysis of urban greenhouse gas emissions inventories’ Environment and Urbanization 21(1).

18. Cities at Risk: Building Adaptive Capacity For Managing Climate Change in Asia’s Coastal Megacities Governance Challenges and Opportunities David Dodman and David Satterthwaite [david.dodman@iied.org / david.satterthwaite@iied.org] International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)