BELLWORK

1. BELLWORK • As we learned last week, the Civil War ended when the South surrendered, but the war was far from over. It left devastation and destruction all throughout the nation. • What steps should the U.S. take in order to rebuild their country after the Civil War? Brainstorm a list of ideas. (at least 5!) • Should the South be punished for its actions during the Civil War or be forgiven and allowed to recover? • THINKER: What do you think is more important for the U.S. after the Civil War: restoration of the Union or helping freed slaves achieve equality? EXPLAIN!

2. Reconstruction • The Confederates had been defeated and their homes were completely destroyed. • Charleston, SC was described as “a city of ruins, of desolation, of empty houses, of widowed women, of rotting docks, of deserted warehouses, of weed wild gardens, of acres of pitiful….barrenness.” • Between 1865 and 1877 the federal government implemented reconstruction which was a program to repair the damage to the South and restore southern states to the Union. • This program was extremely controversial.

4. After – Effects of the Civil War • Physical: destroyed 2/3 of South’s shipping industry and 9,000 miles of railroads. It ruined farm land, farm buildings, farm machinery, animals, livestock, bridges, canals and factories. The value of Southern property decreased 70%. • Humans: destroyed a whole generation of young, healthy men. • One out of three southern men were killed or wounded.

7. After – Effects of the Civil War • Postwar South: • Black Southerners: 4 million freed slaves were starting a new life. As slaves, they received food and shelter. Now, they found themselves homeless, unemployed, and starved. • Plantation Owners: Planters lost slave labor worth $3 billion. The government seized $100 million in land and cotton. • Poor White Southerners: high unemployment rate because of competition, many started moving West

8. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan • Offered a pardon (official forgiveness of a crime) to any Confederate who took an oath of allegiance. • Denied pardons to all Confederates who had killed African American war prisoners. • Permitted each state to create a new state constitution (only when 10% of voters had sworn their allegiance) • States should hold elections and resume full participation in the Union.

9. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan • Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance to the Union. • Permitted each state to hold a constitutional convention (without Lincoln’s 10%) • States could hold elections to rejoin the Union ONLY if they voided secession, abolished slavery and denied the Confederate debt.

10. 13th Amendment • 1865 • “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” • Officially abolished and prohibited slavery. • CIVIL RIGHTS ACT: 1866 – gives citizenship to African Americans and guarantees equal protection under the law.

11. 14th Amendment • 1868 • “No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws…” • Prevented states from denying rights to any United States citizen.

12. 15th Amendment • 1870 • “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” • Gives all citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, or former servitude.

13. African Americans’ New Freedoms • Land ownership: could purchase land • Worship: formed their own churches, volunteer groups, clubs, and associations. • Education: In 5 years, they founded 30 African American learning institutions. • Sharecropping: provided land and capital for workers; both parties working together • Freedmen’s Bureau: gave clothing, medical supplies, education, and meals to black and white war refugees.

15. Radical Reconstruction • The free movement of blacks terrified the less populated whites. • Black Codes: laws restricting the rights of newly freed African Americans; such as, contract negotiation, travel, weapons, and property ownership. (some states were more radical) • Ku Klux Klan (KKK): lynching blacks and any whites who might support them.

16. Radical Reconstruction • US v. CRUIKSHANK (1875) • A mob of whites attacked and killed 100 blacks over black voting rights. • The court ruled that the Reconstruction amendments only applied to state governments and not individuals. • This made it difficult to prosecute groups such as the KKK for civil rights violations.

17. End of Reconstruction • The end of Reconstruction was met with extreme racism and corruption. • By 1877 Reconstruction was dead and the North had lost interest in helping Southern blacks. • Many factors contributed to its demise: • Economic troubles in the country • A more conservative turn in the nation • A general feeling that Reconstruction failed • The resurgence of the Democratic party • Allowance of racist attitudes.

18. Closure • What were the similarities and differences between Lincoln and Johnson’s Reconstruction plans? • What were the 13, 14, 15 Amendments? • How did the Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Codes effect African Americans? • Why did Reconstruction fail?

19. EXTRA CREDIT • Since quarter grades must be in by Friday, I am giving you a chance to get 15 points of extra credit! • Reparations, or a payment for damages, have constantly been debated within slavery. • For this extra credit assignment, you must read the article “Reparations for Slavery” and write a ¾ page response that argues your own opinion. • You must pick a side (supporting reparations or not) and argue it using evidence in the article to back up your point. • It is due on Thursday! • YOU MUST DO THIS DURING TUTORIAL!!!!