Chapter 14 The Formation of Western Europe

1. 800-1500 Chapter 14The Formation of Western Europe

2. Section 1Church Reform and the Crusades

3. Age of Faith • During the “dark age,” the Church became more important • Problems the Church faced • Priestswere getting married • Bishops were sellingchurch positions (simony) • Lay investitureinterfered with their power (kingsrather than Church were appointing bishops)

4. Reorganizing the Church • To continue reforms, the church had to be reorganized • Would resemble a kingdom • Pope was the head with the papal Curia advising him • Employed diplomats to send abroad • Started collecting tithesfrom all Christians • Women will take on important roles in the revival

5. Cathedrals • Designed to represent the glory of God • New style of building (Gothic) will emerge • Tallbuildings with huge windowsmeant to inspire • 500were built between 1170 and 1270

6. Crusade Origins • Began by Pope Urban II around 1100. • Goal: recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims and unite Christendom (politically and culturally) • The Crusades also spurred the economy with loans to knights and new lands/trade routes to control

7. Early Crusades • Initially the Crusades would be very popular • Brought people from all ranks and regions • Unpreparedand unorganized, but successfully took Jerusalemin 1099 • The won land was too hard to defend and would fall to Saladin by 1187 • In 1192, English King Richard the Lion-Hearted brokered peace for Jerusalem

8. Future Crusades • The crusades became increasingly unpopular • The Children’sCrusade in 1212 was the last effort • 50,000under 18 years – 48,000died from starvation, drowning, the cold, or are sold as slaves

9. The Reconquista • Effort to remove the Muslimsthat had taken control of southernSpain. • Began in the 1100s, it took until 1492, but the Spanish eliminated all Muslim towns • Quickly followed up with the Inquisition– an effort to eliminate all heresy(non-Christians) from Spain

10. Effects of the Crusades • Weakenedthe power of the Church • Power will be taken back by the monarchy • Increased the power of women who stayed home • Increased tradewith non-Europeans • Left a legacy of bitternessbetween Muslims and Christians

11. Section 2Changes in Medieval Society

12. Growing Food Supply • The European climate became warmer from 800-1200, giving new farmland • New methods also helped • Horse harnesses • Three-field system • Increase from the 2 field system • Allowed more food to be produced

13. Guilds • Organization of people who work in the same field • Merchants(sellers) were first, then artisans(makers) • Results: • Set standardsfor their industries • Trained apprentices • Controlled wages/prices • Guilds gained politicalpower in the medieval economy

14. Commercial Revolution • Refers to the growth of tradeand business • Mostly took place in the cities/towns • Led to the importance of cities once again • Eliminated the self-sufficiency of the manors • Foreign goods became more popular • Increased the need for borrowing and led to the growth of banking

15. Urban Life • Citiesexpanded even though knowledgedid not • Streets were narrow (dangerous) • Animals walked freely (spread their waste) (diseases) • Sewers don’t exist, people dump waste in public (diseases) • People rarely bathed (diseases) • Homes were highly flammable (dangerous) • As trade became more important, the burghers(merchants that lived in towns) began to demand power

16. Revival in Learning • Crusadesexposed Europeans to learning • Greekworks that had been translated to Arabicby the Muslims were converted to Latinfor the Europeans • Universities became important institutions • Writing in vernacular(common language) became popular

17. Medieval Philosophy • Philosopherssought to link learning with religion • Thomas Aquinasargued that religion could be explained with logic • Led to the development of scholastics (people who were professional thinkers) like the philosophers of Ancient Greece • Led to democratic ideas

18. Section 3England and France Develop

19. English Invasions • There were constant power struggles between the Anglesand the Danish • Williamthe Conqueror, of Normandy, won control in 1066 and united all of England

20. English Government • England sought to: • Expand control of France • Strengthen control over nobles/Church • Henry II will be most successful • Gained land through marriage to Eleanorof Aquitaine • Strengthened control through the legal system

21. Development of Laws • Over time, Henry II’s courts established common law– uniformlaw for everybody in the kingdom • John“Softsword” alienatedthe Church and was harshto his people • Forced to sign the MagnaCarta in 1215 • Guaranteed certain basic rights to all people (no taxationw/o representation, jury trial, legal protection)

22. Parliament • Edward I sought to raise money for war. • Could only do so by granting greater power to the nobles • Leads to the development of the parliament(legislativebody) that would hold the king’s power in check

23. Capetian Dynasty • Began by HughCapet in 987 seeking to unite the 47feudal territories that had developed in France following Charlemagne • Used the trade routesthey controlled to establish power • Philip IIcontinued by taking back land from the Englishand strengthening the central authority

24. Break from the Church • Feuding with the pope, Philip IV gained support by including commoners • Esates-General • 1st Estate – Church • 2nd Estate – Great lords • 3rd Estate (Estates-General) became EVERYONE else • Initially helped limit the royal power and limited the nobles, but eventually became a powerful force that would overthrow the royalty

25. Section 4The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague

26. Church Divided • Around 1300, the Age of Faith began to decline • Pope Boniface VIII vsPhilip IVsignaled the end of papal authority over kings • Following the move to Avignon, the Church became divided against itself • Great Schism– the Church argued about which man was the true pope • Result: three popes from 1414-1417 • Final Resolution: firedall 3, electeda newpope • Result: Church is weakened

27. Further Division • John Wycliffepreached that Jesuswas the true head of the church, not the pope • Spurred the English translationof the New Testament • Jan Huswent further by saying that people should go by the Bibleas the authority for Christians • Burned at the stake by Church leaders in 1415

28. Bubonic Plague: Origins • Began in Asia • Tradersbrought it with them • 1347 it arrived in Sicily • Followed trade through Italy, Spain, France, Germany, and England • Took about 4years to reach all of Europe • Struck multiple times, but never as severely as the first

29. The Plague: Effects • Unlike catastrophes that unite, the plague rippedEurope apart • Populations fell • Approximately 1/3 • Tradedeclined; pricesincreased • Serfs leave manors • Peasants revolt • Jews were blamed • Churchlost prestige

30. Hundred Years’ War • Englandand Francewill finally fight over who will take control of the Frenchcrown • 1337-1453: Control bounces back and forth between them • Joanof Arcwill lead the French to victory before being captured and burned at the stake in 1431 • French did nothing; Church held the trial

31. Impact of Hundred Years’ War • Nationalism emerged • Emphasized national identity: Fought for the glory of the country • Monarchy will take back their power • England will immediately fall into a civil war (War of the Roses) • Considered to mark the end of the Middle Ages/Age of Faith