1803 Napoleon Warfare

2. 1803 Napoleon Warfare • France emerges Europe into warfare • American reaction: OH YEAH! (Economically, the United States can trade with both sides and make some money – think American debt issues) • British – began taking control of the sea • France – began taking control of the land Britain issues the Orders in Council of 1807: any American ship bound for France must stop in London to be inspected! French Reaction: any opposing ship will be “impressed” French Navy is MUCH stronger than America’s

3. British Impressments • 6,000 American soldiers were impressed • 1807 Chesapeake Incident / Chesapeake – Leopard Affair British Commander on the British Ship (Leopard) “demanded” to board the American ship (Chesapeake) Result: American soldiers were captured and killed…we do not fire back True British Goal: SPARK an energy in America to start a war

4. Jefferson’s response 1807 Embargo Act • Embargo - a ban on exporting goods to other countries from America *Purpose of Embargo Act of 1807 – (1) America’s attempt to force European nations to respect “NEUTRALITY” / and an attempt to AVOID WAR *Result of Embargo Act 1807 – BACKFIRED (hurt our economy more than others) Legacy – Always seen as a failure due to “lack of flow of foreign goods into America” Affected Groups: Northeast Merchants and shippers Southern and Western Farmers: crops piling up TRUE BENEFIT OF EMBARGO ACT: FORCED THE UNITED STATES TO CREATE A DOMESTIC ECONOMY Congress eventually lifted the embargo in 1809 and passed the Non-Intercourse Act - outlawed shipping ONLY to France and England Outcome: unsuccessful just like the Embargo Act of 1807

6. Ograbme Act 1807

7. James Madison as President & Congress • James Madison – elected President in 1808 / famous Dem. – Republican • War of 1812 nickname: Mr. Madison’s War / Second Revolutionary War • Congress: now had fiery energetic Western and Southern Congressmen Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John C. Calhoun (South Carolina) WAR HAWKS - pushes for war - Wants Indians OUT of the Ohio Valley so settlers can move with ease

8. Tecumseh’s Confederacy of 1809 • Tecumseh created a confederacy AGAINST white settlers • Overall: Tecumseh got support from the BRITISH to defend land against the white settler!

9. Indian Opposition • The Shawnee – led by Tecumseh and his brother The Prophet Urged: DO NOT GIVE IN!!!!! 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison (governor of Indiana) battled the Shawnee and the Prophet was killed! Major Results of Battle of Tippecanoe • Harrison is a hero • Tecumseh wants revenge and joins the BRITISH!!!!! Note: Tecumseh was killed in War of 1812 by Harrison

10. Why did America go to War with Britain in 1812? • Freedom of the Seas • Possibility of gaining land • America is highly upset that the British are supplying weapons to the Ohio Valley Indians (Battle at Fallen Timbers & Tecumseh’s Confederacy) • Chesapeake Incident • Impressments • MAKE A STATEMENT!!!! (American wants respect)

11. War of 1812 (disorganized) • Western and Southern Americans SUPPORT war • Northeastern Americans OPPOSE war • “ON TO CANADA!” • Poorly planned and poorly executed • Good Move: Attack Montreal (other cities will crumble to America) BUT America attacks Detroit, Niagara and Lake Champlain – BAD MOVES! (America loses every battle)

12. American Tide Shifts! Oliver Hazard Perry – builds warships on the coast of Lake Erie and attacks Detroit AGAIN – American Victory! Battle of the Thames - William Henry Harrison – defeats the British / General Proctor (Tecumseh is killed) Important: • Closed the Northwest territory to British • Tecumseh’s death led to the disbanding of his Confederacy and Indians broke away from British allies

14. War turns to the Chesapeake Bay Area • The British march to Washington and burn the capital • The British sails to Baltimore, Maryland (Ft. McHenry) - Francis Scott Key writes the Star Spangled Banner

15. Francis Scott Key • Taken prisoner and housed below deck of a British Ship at the Battle of Baltimore • Key sees the American flag waving as the British are defeated! • Writes the Star Spangled Banner and shares with other prisoners • Adopted as the National Anthem first by Woodrow Wilson in 1916 (great political timing) • Congressional adoption in the 30s under Herbert Hoover (again, great timing)

16. War of 1812 in the SOUTH • ANDREW JACKSON gets a victory in Alabama (Battle of Horseshoe Bend) and then moves into New Orleans – killing off 1,000s of British and Native Americans! Most significant battle of War of 1812 • Battle of New Orleans (January of 1815) Strange Fact: The War of 1812 is over 2 weeks BEFORE the Battle of New Orleans OUTCOME: Jackson wins NATIONAL FAME!!!!!!

17. END OF WAR OF 1812 Delegates from both sides met in Ghent, Belgium to discuss an ARMISTICE Treaty of Ghent • Signed on Dec. 24 1814 *****“Armistice” – a cease-fire agreement / and end to fighting Legacy of Treaty of Ghent: Got us back to “pre war status” – nothing else!!! (no territorial gains) MAIN “RESULTS or LEGACY” from WAR OF 1812 • AMERICAN NATIONALISM GOES UP because we finally won COMPLETE freedom from Britain and confirmed our independence!

18. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention • BEFORE THE WAR WAS OVER…. New England states wanted the War of 1812 to STOP because it disrupted their TRADE / these states threatened secession • The Hartford Convention is considered the “Death of Federalist Party” OVERALL: More power for the individual states!