BIS2040 final session: Revision and exam preparation

1. BIS2040 final session:Revision and exam preparation

2. The exam • A two hour paper • Five questions on the paper • You will choose three out of the five • Expect each question to have several parts - usually (a), (b) & ( c) • There won’t be any questions on neural nets

3. Exam technique • Don’t be tempted to do less than three questions • However well you do on the questions you attempt, you’ll lose more marks than you could have gained by doing a third question

4. Exam technique • Don’t be tempted to do more than three questions • If you do, the marker will simply ignore your last answer • So your last answer would be a complete waste of time and effort

5. Exam technique • Try to write something on each part of the questions that you choose • The marks beside each part of the question are a guide as to how much time it’s worth spending on that part of the question.

6. Exam technique • You should pick your questions carefully, avoiding any that look hard • All the questions carry equal marks, so there’s no advantage to picking a hard question.

7. Exam technique • You should spend about 35 minutes on each question. • This gives you 5 minutes choosing time at the start, and • 10 minutes finishing-off time at the end.

8. Exam technique • You need to be quite sure you grasp what a question is about, before you start to answer it.

9. Subject matter • The exam will cover topics that have been covered in the lectures • Not Kappa-PC - that was covered by the coursework, and won’t be in the exam

10. Subject matter • The material in the Module Handbook should be enough to cover any of the answers to any of the questions • If you go beyond the material in the handbook, using other material that you’ve read, that’s fine, and liable to get you extra marks.

11. Exam technique • Sometimes a student reads the question, and remembers something that sounds vaguely similar, and writes about that. • If the question says “describe the techniques of knowledge elicitation” and you write about the techniques of knowledge representation, you won’t get any marks.

12. Major themes in the course • The nature of knowledge-based systems • and of skill, and expertise • and experts • Expert systems: advantages and risks • The architecture of expert systems • their reasoning mechanisms • other features that make them work

13. Major themes in the course • The various different forms of knowledge representation • logic • rules (rules are particularly important) • semantic nets • frames • Case-based reasoning • what it is • how it differs from rule-based reasoning

14. Major themes in the course • Knowledge acquisition • how it’s done • why it’s difficult • what the techniques are • Neural networks • what they consist of • what they’re good for • what they can and can’t do • Examples of expert systems

15. Exam strategy • The pattern in recent exams has been that there has been a whole exam question devoted to each of the following topics: • case-based reasoning • knowledge elicitation • knowledge representation using rules • knowledge representation using other things • the nature & architecture of KBS

16. Exam strategy • This suggests that you don’t need to learn the whole syllabus. • You could just pick certain lectures, covering certain topics, and thoroughly master the content of them so that you feel reasonably confident of answering likely questions in that field. • You could just pick three topics (which is risky) or four topics (which is safer).

17. Major themes in the course • The nature of knowledge-based systems • and of skill, and expertise • and experts • Expert systems: advantages and risks

18. Major themes in the course The sort of answer that is required: Short written pieces, explaining concepts, or explaining how and why things are done the way they are in the expert systems business. Chapter 1 material, and “distinctive features” from chapter 3. • The nature of knowledge-based systems • and of skill, and expertise • and experts • Expert systems: advantages and risks

19. Major themes in the course • The architecture of expert systems • their reasoning mechanisms • other features that make them work

20. Major themes in the course Could be part of a question - unlikely to be more. The sort of answer that is required: Short written pieces, explaining concepts, or diagrams. • The architecture of expert systems • their reasoning mechanisms • other features that make them work

21. Major themes in the course • The various different forms of knowledge representation • rules (rules are particularly important)

22. Major themes in the course Expect a whole question on rule-based reasoning. The sort of answer that is required: Short written pieces, explaining concepts. Likely to be at least one “skills” part. Chapter 2 & chap. 3 material. • The various different forms of knowledge representation • rules (rules are particularly important)

23. Major themes in the course • The various different forms of knowledge representation • logic • semantic nets • frames

24. Major themes in the course Expect a whole question on non-rule-based knowledge representation. The sort of answer that is required: Mostly “skills” answers -short written pieces are rare in this section. Chapter 4 material. • The various different forms of knowledge representation • logic • semantic nets • frames

25. Major themes in the course • Case-based reasoning • what it is • how it works • how it differs from rule-based reasoning

26. Major themes in the course Expect a whole question on case-based reasoning. The sort of answer that is required: Short written pieces, explaining concepts. Alternatively, short case histories. Chapter 9 material. • Case-based reasoning • what it is • how it works • how it differs from rule-based reasoning

27. Major themes in the course • Knowledge acquisition • how it’s done • why it’s difficult • what the techniques are

28. Major themes in the course Expect a large part of a question on knowledge acquisition. Related topics, like system development & e.s. shells, might provide the other parts. The sort of answer that is required: Short written pieces, explaining concepts. Chapter 6, 7 & 8 material. • Knowledge acquisition • how it’s done • why it’s difficult • what the techniques are

29. Major themes in the course • Examples of expert systems

30. Major themes in the course Not likely to be given a question on its own. If it appears at all, likely to be part of another question. The sort of answer that is required: Short case histories or comparisons Chapter 5 & chap.9 material. • Examples of expert systems

31. Major themes in the course • Neural networks • what they consist of • what they’re good for • what they can and can’t do

32. Major themes in the course } • Neural networks • what they consist of • what they’re good for • what they can and can’t do But this won’t be in the exam

33. “skill” questions

34. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • Question: A colour scientist is interviewed. Part of the interview transcript reads as follows:

35. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question "We can think of colours as warm colours, cold colours and pseudo colours. Warm colours include reds and yellows. Cold colours include greens and blues. Magentas are pseudo colours. Actually, it's probably best to think of warm colours and cold colours as different sorts of true colour, as opposed to pseudo colours.

36. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question "Every colour has a saturation and a luminosity. And every colour has two CIE coordinates: x and y - they're numbers, between zero and one. Every true colour has a dominant wavelength.

37. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question "For example, this is a green: it's called Wratten 58 Green. Its dominant wavelength is 540.3 nanometres, its saturation is 86.2%, its luminosity is 23.7%, its CIE coordinates are X = 0.24 and Y = 0.70. What about white? Well, I suppose I'd call that a pseudo colour, because it hasn't got a dominant wavelength. Its CIE coordinates are 0.33 and 0.33."

38. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question Provide a description of a frame system which represents this information.

39. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • What’s it all about?

40. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • What’s it all about? • Colours. Therefore all the frames in this system will be types of colour, or examples of colour.

41. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • What types of colour, and what examples of colours, are mentioned?

42. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • What types of colour, and what examples of colours, are mentioned? • Types: • warm, cold, pseudo, reds, yellows, greens, blues, magentas, true, whites • Examples: • Wratten 58 Green - each of these will be a frame in its own right.

43. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • What are the qualities that describe all colours?

44. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • What are the qualities that describe all colours? • Saturation, luminosity, CIE coordinate X, CIE coordinate Y - each of these will be a slot in the top-level frame “colours” - the value, in each case, will be “?”, meaning “it’s different for every colour, so you really can’t say what it is for colours in general”

45. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • Are there any other qualities that describe some, but not all, of the colours?

46. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • Are there any other qualities that describe some, but not all, of the colours? • Yes - dominant wavelength - This will be a slot in the frame “true colour”. Its value will be “?”.

47. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • Are any restrictions on permitted values mentioned?

48. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • Are any restrictions on permitted values mentioned? • Yes - a CIE coordinate X has to be a number greater than 0 and less than 1, and so does a CIE coordinate Y.

49. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • What are the subclass_of relations for all the frames we listed earlier?

50. Skill 1: the “draw up a frame system” question • What are the subclass_of relations for all the frames we listed earlier? “...warm colours and cold colours [are] different sorts of true colour…” “...Warm colours include reds and yellows. Cold colours include greens and blues. Magentas are pseudo colours. …” etc