Chapter 1 Cells and kingdoms

1. Chapter 1Cells and kingdoms

2. Lesson 1 Cells • Organism: A living thing • Cell: The smallest unit of living things that carry out the basic processes of life

3. Animal Cell • Round shape, smaller • No cell wall, only a cell membrane • Some have many small vacuoles, and others may not have any vacuoles • Gets energy from other animal/plant cells

4. Plant Cell • Box-like shape, larger • Have an additional outer covering around the outside (cell wall) • Usually have one large, central vacuole • Makes own food in chloroplasts (green structure, contains chlorophyll) • Gets energy from the sunlight

5. How are cells organized? • Tissue: similar cells working together at the same job, or function • Organ: a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function (example: heart, liver, brain, skin) • Organ System: organs that work together to perform a certain function (example: circulatory, digestive, respiratory) Organ Tissue Organ Organ System

6. Lesson 2 Classifying Life • Scientists organize organisms by sorting, or classifying, them into groups according to shared characteristics • Kingdoms are grouped by internal form and structure • The narrowest (smallest) group an organism can be classified into is a species

7. Classification of a grizzly bear

8. Plant Kingdom (Vascular) • Vessels that run up and down the body • Vascular tissue carries water and nutrients from the plants roots up to its leaves; it also moves sugars made in the leaves to other parts of the plant • Typically a taller plant

9. Plant Kingdom (Nonvascular) • Smaller plant • Remain small and close to the ground, where they soak up water directly Have you seen moss or trees that look like this?

10. Lesson 3 Plants • Stems come in 2 basic forms • Soft stems • Woody stems • Soft stems: not as strong as woody stems; soft, green, can bend (less likely to be damaged in a storm) • Woody stems: stronger than soft stems; hard, brown (more likely to be damaged in a storm because they can’t bend and they grow tall, which makes it easier to be struck by lightning).

11. Soft stem Woody stem

12. What are stems? • Phloem: moves sugars that are made in the plant’s leaves to other parts of the plant; transports sugars up from one part of a plant to another • Xylem and phloem cells are produced in the cambium, then move inward.

13. What are leaves? • The leaves of a plant have the important function of carrying out photosynthesis, or the process of making food.

14. What are leaves?...continued • The top surface of a leaf has a waxy cuticle, a waterproof layer that prevents moisture from evaporating • Which could survive longer without water: a thick cuticle or a thin cuticle? How could you test this?

15. Lesson 4 Classifying Animals • Asymmetrical: cannot be divided into mirror images. • Radial Symmetry: All body parts are arranged around a central point; this type of organism has more than one line that divides the organism into 2 mirror images.

16. Lesson 4 continued • Monotreme: a mammal that lays eggs (examples: duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater) • Marsupial:a pouched mammal; give birth to partially developed offspring (examples: kangaroos, koala bears) • Placental mammal: the young develop within its mother (examples: humans, dogs, tigers, elephants, whales)

17. Lesson 5 Animal Systems • Skeletal System: bones, tendons, ligaments • Muscular system: provides the power to produce movement • Digestive system: long tube in which food is broken down into nutrients an organism can use Digestive System Muscular System Skeletal System

18. Lesson 5 Continued… • Esophagus: a muscular tube that contracts and expands to squeeze chewed food down the stomach • Bronchi:small branch-like tubes inside the lungs, which empty into the alveoli. • Alveoli: very thin-walled air sacs located at the tips of the bronchi