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Perspective on Processing

Cognitive Machine Learning. Perspective on Processing. 2008-20817 Ko Youngkil. outline. Level of Pricessing Transfer Appropriate Processing Organization and Distinctiveness The Encoding Specificity Principle Context and Memory The Process Dissociation Framework.

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Perspective on Processing

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  1. Cognitive Machine Learning Perspective on Processing 2008-20817 KoYoungkil

  2. outline • Level of Pricessing • Transfer Appropriate Processing • Organization and Distinctiveness • The Encoding Specificity Principle • Context and Memory • The Process Dissociation Framework

  3. Level of Processing (1/3) • Type of processing is more important than the underlying theoretical structure. • For assumption • Memory as the result of a series of analyses • The deeper the level, the more durable memory • Rehearsal is relatively unimportant • On processing rather than on structure • Hyde and Jenkins(1973) • Presence of the letter E or G • Noun or verb • Rate the frequency • How pleasant or unpleasant it was

  4. Level of Processing (2/3)

  5. Level of Processing (3/3) • Craik and Watkins(1973) • Maintenance rehearsal does not lead to improved memory • This result poses a problem for the modal model • Problem • No independent method for determining, whether process A is deeper or shallower than process B • Almost on encoding and little about retrieval

  6. Transfer Appropriate Processing • Includes retrieval • Morris, Bransford, and Franks(1977) • A standard recognition test • A target word has been seen in previous • A rhyming recognition test • A word rhymed with one of the target words • No one type of processing is good for all tests.

  7. Organization and Distinctiveness • Organization • Relationships among the information that is to be remembered in memory • Recall more words from a categorized list • Hunt (1981, 1993) • Organization emphasizes relational processing, item-specific processing emphasizes the particular to-be-remembered item. • Both are important

  8. The Encoding Specificity Principle • The recollection of an event or a certain aspect of it depends on the interaction between the properties of the encoded event and the properties of the retrieval information. • Thomson & Tulving

  9. Context and Memory (1/3) • Smith(1979) • Basement room (18 words) • Soundproof booth (12 words) • Booth with reinstate (17.2 words) • Susukita(1934) • Something learned while calm cannot be recalled when in a state of shock, but can be recalled at a later time when calm is restored.

  10. Context and Memory (2/3) • Eich and Metcalfe(1989) • Experiment with a mood-manipulation • Recalled more words when their moods matched than when the moods were mismatched.

  11. The Process Dissociation Framework • Separate the recollective process from the automatic process • Exclusion test : only automatic or incidental processes can contribute • Inclusion test : both processes are allowed to contribute

  12. Q&A? • Thank you.

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