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Beyond Earth:

Beyond Earth:. Galaxy, Solar System, Sun, Planets. 1. Galaxy. A galaxy is collection of stars. There are 3 kinds of galaxies. Spiral Irregular Elliptical. SPIRAL. IRREGULAR. ELLIPTICAL.

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Beyond Earth:

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  1. Beyond Earth: Galaxy, Solar System, Sun, Planets

  2. 1. Galaxy • A galaxy is collection of stars. • There are 3 kinds of galaxies. • Spiral • Irregular • Elliptical

  3. SPIRAL

  4. IRREGULAR

  5. ELLIPTICAL

  6. Earth is located in the Milky Way Galaxy which is a spiral galaxy of more than 200 billion stars. Side View

  7. Side View of the Milky Way Approximately, 100,000 light-years across!

  8. 2. What is a Light Year? • Light years are a measure of distance. • We use light years to measure the distance between planets and stars. • One light year = the distance light travels in one calendar year. • Approximately, 6 trillion miles

  9. The nearest galaxy to the Milky Way is the Andromeda Galaxy(About 2.9 million light years away). Just For Fun...

  10. NGC 2207 and IC 2163 Picture from: NASA/Hubble Space Telescope

  11. Possibly 3 billion years in the future.

  12. The Sombrero Galaxy

  13. Seyfert Sextet

  14. Our Solar System

  15. Students will label and glue/staple in their IAN.

  16. Greek Ideas • The ancient Greeks believed that the universe was perfect, has boundaries and that Earth was stationary at the center of the universe. • GEOCENTRIC system – Earth at the center of revolving planets. • Ptolemy (Greek astronomer)

  17. Copernicus’ Idea • Early 1500’s – a Polish astronomer named Nicolaus Copernicus believed that the sun was at the center of the universe. • HELIOCENTRIC system – sun at center

  18. Galileo’s Observations • 1500’s and 1600’s – people still believed in Ptolemy’s geocentric system. • Galileo Galilei (Italian astronomer) – 1st scientist to use a telescope • He proved that Copernicus’ heliocentric system was correct!

  19. Brahe and Kepler These scientists studied the shapes of the planetary orbits. Tycho Brahe (Danish astronomer) and Johannes Kepler (German mathematician) studied the orbits which were once thought to be circles. They proved that the orbits are ellipses.

  20. Inner Planetary Orbits

  21. Outer Planetary Orbits

  22. Why do the planets stay in orbit? • Isaac Newton concluded that inertia and gravity combine to keep the planets in orbit. • Inertia – the tendency of a moving object to continue in a straight line or a stationary object to remain in place

  23. Our Solar System is a large system that consists of many smaller systems and objects.

  24. #3 Our Solar System consists of: • Sun • 8 planets • an asteroid belt • other smaller bodies (meteoroids, asteroids, comets)

  25. Comets – rocky bodies in space covered in ice and frozen gases. As comets reach near the Sun, the frozen material melts and this creates a “tail-like” appearance. Meteors  Meteoroids  Meteorites rocky bodies enter Earth’s atmosphere reach Earth (ground) Asteroids – rocky bodies in space found in Asteroid Belt and Kuiper Belt

  26. #4. Where are we? • We are on the outer spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy called the Orion arm.

  27. The Sun #5

  28. + • The Sun is about 150 million kilometers from Earth. 150 million km

  29. The Sun’s Interior • The Sun is a ball of glowing gas. • Mainly 2 gases – hydrogen and helium • The process that keeps the Sun burning is called nuclear fusion. • Sun has enough fuel to burn for 10 billion years. (It is about 5 billions yrs old now)

  30. 6. The Sun's Atmosphere • There are 3 layers: • Core (center) • Photosphere (inner layer) • Chromosphere (middle layer) • Corona (outer layer)

  31. Photosphere

  32. Chromosphere

  33. Corona

  34. 7. Features on the Sun • Sunspots = small, dark areas on the Sun’s surface. These areas are cooler than the gases around them. Cooler gases don’t give off as much light and heat.

  35. Prominences = reddish loops of gas. They link sunspot regions.

  36. Solar Prominence

  37. Solar flares = explosions on the Sun

  38. Solar Flare

  39. 8. Importance of the Sun • The Sun’s strong gravity holds all the planets, asteroids and comets of our solar system in orbit • Provides light and heat to Earth • Causes day and night • Causes the seasons • Allows life on Earth

  40. The Planets

  41. My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos

  42. 9. The Planets • There are eight planets in our solar system (since Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet) • Can be divided into the Inner and Outer planets

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