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Chapter 33 - The Great Depression and the New Deal

Chapter 33 - The Great Depression and the New Deal. The Great Depression in Pictures. Directions. For each picture do one of the following: 1. Write down questions that comes to your mind when you look at this picture. For example: I wonder… How do… What if…

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Chapter 33 - The Great Depression and the New Deal

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  1. Chapter 33 - The Great Depression and the New Deal

  2. The Great Depression in Pictures

  3. Directions • For each picture do one of the following: • 1. Write down questions that comes to your mind when you look at this picture. For example: I wonder… How do… What if… • 2. Write one sentence description of what you noticed or found interesting about the picture. • 3. Write one sentence explaining what you thinking is going on in the picture.

  4. Themes and concepts • 1.FDR quickly got many New Deal programs passed. The general philosophy was: the government will start massive projects and spend huge quantities of money and this will “jump-start” the economy. • 2.These programs hit on all walks of life. Emphasis was placed on creating jobs, housing, construction projects, and restoring confidence in banks.

  5. Themes Continues… 3.Though FDR was popular, there were critics to the New Deal—some saying it did too much, others that it did too little. 4.FDR pretty much had his way with Congress, until he asked for more Supreme Court judges and was finally told, “No.” 5.All told, though the New Deal may have helped the economy a bit, but it did not boost the U.S. out of the Depression

  6. Directions • For each slide, work with your partner to come up with a question or comment about the information. For example: I think it is interesting how… I wonder if… I don’t agree… I agree… What would happen…

  7. FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair • In 1932, voters still had not seen any economic improvement, and they wanted a new president. • President Herbert Hoover was nominated again without much vigor and true enthusiasm, and he campaigned saying that his policies prevented the Great Depression from being worse than it was.

  8. Wheel Chair The Democrats nominated Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a tall, handsomeman who was the fifth cousin of famous Theodore Roosevelt and hadfollowed in his footsteps. FDR was suave and conciliatory while TR was pugnacious and confrontational. FDR had been stricken with polio in 1921, and during this time, his wife, Eleanor, became his political partner. Eleanor was to become the most active First Lady ever.

  9. FDR • Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) was the longest serving President in US History, serving three full terms and starting his fourth when he died. No other President had even won a third term (a couple had tried — Grant and T.R. — but none were elected). And, thanks to the 22nd Amendment, no President since will be able to challenge his length of service (barring the very unlikely event of the 22nd being repealed).FDR

  10. FDR • Spent much of his life paralyzed from the waist down due to polio, including his Presidency, making him America's one and only handicapped President, unless one also counts Kennedy who had Addison's Disease. There was less scrutiny of public figures back then, which he combined with trick photography, leg braces that let him stand and walk short distances by swiveling, immense upper-body strength to hold himself up with the podium

  11. Presidential Hopefuls of 1932 • In the campaign, Roosevelt seized the opportunity to prove that he was not an invalid, and his campaign also featured an attack on Hoover’s spending (ironically, he would spend even more during his term). • The Democrats found expression in the airy tune “Happy Days Are Here Again,” and clearly, the Democrats had the advantage in this race.

  12. Hoover's Humiliation in 1932 • Hoover had been swept into the presidential office in 1928, but in 1932, he was swept out with equal force, as he was defeated 472 to 59. • Noteworthy was the transition of the Black vote from the Republican to the Democratic Party. • During the lame-duck period, Hoover tried to initiate some of Roosevelt’s plans, but was met by stubbornness and resistance. • Hooverites would later accuse FDR of letting the depression worsen so that he could emerge as an even more shining savior.

  13. FDR and the Three R’s: Relief, Recovery, and Reform • On Inauguration Day, FDR asserted, “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” • He called for a nationwide bank holiday to eliminate paranoid bank withdrawals, and then he commenced with his Three R’s. • The Democratic-controlled Congress was willing to do as FDR said,and the first Hundred Days of FDR’s administration were filledwith more legislative activity than ever before. • Many of the New Deal Reforms had been adopted by European nations a decade before.

  14. Roosevelt Manages the Money • The Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933 was passed first. FDR declared a one week “bank holiday” just so everyone would calm down and stop running on the banks. • Then, Roosevelt settled down for the first of his thirty famous “Fireside Chats” with America. • The “Hundred Days Congress” passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, that provided the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which insured individual deposits up to $5000, thereby eliminating the epidemic of bank failure and restoring faith to banks.

  15. Continuation FDR then took the nation off of the gold standard and achievedcontrolled inflation by ordering Congress to buy gold at increasinglyhigher prices. In February 1934, he announced that the U.S. would pay foreign gold at a rate of one ounce of gold per every $35 due.

  16. Roosevelt Manages the Money cont. • FDR then went on the radio and reassured people it was safer to put money in the bank than hidden in their houses. • The Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act was passed. • This provided for the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.) to insure the money in the bank. • FDR wanted to stop people from hoarding gold. • He urged people to turn in gold for paper money and took the U.S. off the gold standard. • He wanted inflation, to make debt payment easier, and urged the Treasury to buy gold with paper money. • The Emergency Banking Relief Act gave FDR the authority to manage banks.

  17. A DAY FOR EVERY DEMAGOGUE (emotive leader) • Roosevelt had no qualms about using federal money to assist the unemployed, so he created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which provided employment in fresh-air government camps for about 3 millionuniformed young men. • They reforested areas, fought fires, drained swamps, controlled floods, etc. • However, critics accused FDR of militarizing the youths and acting as dictator.

  18. Continuation The Federal Emergency Relief Act looked for immediate relief ratherthan long-term alleviation, and its Federal Emergency ReliefAdministration (FERA) was headed by the zealous Harry L. Hopkins. The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) made available many millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages.

  19. A Day for Every Demagogue cont. • The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) refinanced mortgages on non-farm homes and bolted down the loyalties of middle class, Democratic homeowners. • The Civil Works Administration (CWA) was established late in 1933,and it was designed to provide purely temporary jobs during the winteremergency. • Many of its tasks were rather frivolous (called “boondoggling”) and were designed for the sole purpose ofmaking jobs.

  20. A Day for Every Demagogue cont. • Congress also authorized the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1935, which put $11 million on thousands of public buildings, bridges,and hard-surfaced roads and gave 9 million people jobs in its eight years of existence. • It also found part-time jobs for needy high school and college students and for actors, musicians, and writers. • John Steinbeck counted dogs (boondoggled) in his California home of Salinas county.

  21. New Visibility for Women • Ballots newly in hand, women struck up new roles. • First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt was the most visible, but other ladies shone as well: Sec. of Labor Frances Perkins was the first female cabinet member and Mary McLeod Bethune headed the Office of MinorityAffairs in the NYA, the “Black Cabinet”, and founded a Florida college. • Anthropologist Ruth Benedict helped develop the “culture and personality movement” and her student Margaret Mead reached even greater heights with Coming of Age in Samoa. • Pearl S. Buck wrote a beautiful and timeless novel, The Good Earth, about a simple Chinese farmer which earned her the Nobel Prize for literature in 1938.

  22. Helping Industry and Labor • The National Recovery Administration (NRA), by far the mostcomplicated of the programs, was designed to assist industry, labor,and the unemployed. • There were maximum hours of labor, minimum wages, and more rightsfor labor union members, including the right to choose their ownrepresentatives in bargaining.

  23. Continuation The Philadelphia Eagles were named after this act, which received much support and patriotism, but eventually, it was shot down by the Supreme Court. Besides too much was expected of labor, industry, and the public. The Public Works Administration (PWA) also intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways (i.e. the GrandCoulee Dam of the Columbia River).

  24. Helping Industry and Laborcont. • One of the Hundred Days Congress’s earliest acts was to legalize light wine and beer with an alcoholic content of 3.2% or less and also levied a $5 tax on every barrel manufactured. • Prohibition was officially repealed with the 21st Amendment.

  25. Paying Farmers Not to Farm • To help the farmers, which had been suffering ever since the end of World War I, Congress established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, which paid farmers to reduce their crop acreage and would eliminate price-depressing surpluses. • However, it got off to a rocky start when it killed lots of pigs for no good reason, and paying farmers not to farm actually increased unemployment. • The Supreme Court killed it in 1936.

  26. Continuation The New Deal Congress also passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936, which paid farmers to plant soil-conserving plants like soybeans or to let their land lie fallow. The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 was a more comprehensive substitute that continued conservation payments but wasaccepted by the Supreme Court.

  27. Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards After the drought of 1933, furious winds whipped up dust into theair, turning parts of Missouri, Texas, Kansas, Arkansas, and Oklahomainto the Dust Bowl and forcing many farmers to migrate west toCalifornia and inspired Steinbeck’s classic The Grapes of Wrath. The dust was very hazardous to the health and to living, creating further misery.

  28. Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards cont. • The Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act, passed in 1934, made possible a suspension of mortgage foreclosure for five years, but itwas voided in 1935 by the Supreme Court. • In 1935, FDR set up the Resettlement Administration, charged with the task of removing near-farmless farmers to better land.

  29. Dust Bowls and Black Blizzardscont. • Commissioner of Indian Affairs was headed by John Collier who sought to reverse the forced-assimilation policies in place since the Dawes Act of 1887. • He promoted the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 (the Indian “New Deal”), which encouraged tribes to preserve their culture and traditions. • Not all Indians liked it though, saying if they followed this “back-to-the-blanket” plan, they’d just become museumexhibits. 77 tribes refused to organize under its provisions (200 did).

  30. FDR’s Balance Sheet 1.FDR's supporters said the New Deal had avoided the Depression from being even worse than it was. 2.FDR was hated by capitalists due to his taxation policies, but was also dislike by socialists. The New Deal may have actually cut down on socialism by avoiding a more radical turn to the left or right. 1.In a very tough time, FDR provided considerable change with no revolution. Other nations (Italy, Germany) were taking very radical changes. 3.Like Thomas Jefferson, though wealthy and of the elite class, FDR always spoke on behalf of the "forgotten man." 4.Maybe his greatest achievement was yet to come—his leadership during WWII. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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