Classification Notes

1. Classification Notes

2. TAXONOMY • Early Classification: • Over 2,000 yrs ago, Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and naturalist grouped animals and plants according to their structural similarities. • Later Greeks and Romans grouped plants and animals into basic categories such as oaks, dogs, and horses.

3. Genus – Latin word for group. Groups were given names that were in Latin. EX: human = Homo sapien ** Homo is the genus Taxonomy – the science of naming and classify organisms.

4. Simpler System • Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish biologist who developed a two-word name for each species. His naming system is called binomial nomenclature. • Linnaeus’s system has been universally adopted. Most of the species he described in 1753 still have the two-part names he gave them.

5. The two-part name that every organism has is its scientific name. • Examples • Felisconcolor– mountain lion • Homosapien– human • Canisfamiliaris – domestic dog • Genus (blue) – the group that the organism belongs to. • Species (red) – most specific in the Linnaeus system of classification.

6. Writing the Scientific Name • The genus is always capitalized and the species is always lower-case. • The entire name is either written in italics or underlined. • Abbreviating the Scientific Name • First letter of the genus name and the whole species name • Example: Quercus rubra – Q.rubra (red oak) *** By using this system, scientist all over the world can communicate regardless of their native language.

7. Classifying Organisms • Each living thing is assigned to a series of groups, beginning with domain (most inclusive) and ending with species (least inclusive). • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species • Did Korean People Come Over For Gangnam Style • By Jacob Garza • Don’t Kill Pablo Cuz Overdose Fool’s Get Slapped • By Nick Strauss feat: Jacob Garza (“what what”)

8. EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY Fish crab • Phylogeny – is an organism’s evolutionary history • Phylogenetic Tree – displays evolutionary relationships in a branching diagram mollusk starfish flatworms jellyfish sponge

9. The Six Kingdoms

11. THE SIX KINGDOMS • ANIMAL • PLANT • FUNGI • PROTIST • EUBACTERIA • ARCHAEBACTERIA

12. These kingdoms are grouped according to their cell type, complexity, and method for obtaining nutrition. • Cell Type: • Prokaryotic (ex: bacteria) • Eukaryotic (ex: humans) • Cell Walls: • Present • Absent • Body Types: • Unicellular • Multicellular • Nutrition: • Autotrophs – make their own food • Heterotrophs – consume their food

13. 3 DOMAINS • Domain Bacteria • Kingdom – Eubacteria • Domain Archaea • Kingdom – Archaebacteria • Domain Eukarya • Kingdoms: • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

14. DOMAIN BACTERIA • Kingdom: Eubacteria • Characteristics: • Prokaryotes; small; unicellular • Found in practically every environment on Earth • Autotrophic or heterotrophic • Have a cell wall (made of peptidoglycan) • Has a single mRNA strand for transcription • Most abundant organism on Earth • Important as decomposers *** Although some eubacteria cause diseases, such as strep throat and pneumonia, most bacteria are harmless and many are actually helpful.

15. DOMAIN ARCHAEA • Kingdom: Archeabacteria • Characteristic: • Prokaryotes • Have a cell wall (not peptidoglycan but lipids) • More closely related to Eukaryotes than bacteria • Some live in extreme environments such as hot springs and salty lakes.

16. DOMAIN ARCHAEA • 3 Basic kinds of Archaebacteria • Methanogens: • Live in mud swamps • Form methane gas • Halophiles – live in extreme salt conditions • Extremophiles: • Thermophiles – live in hot places • Nonextreme Archaebacteria: • Grow in same environment as bacteria

17. DOMAIN EUKARYA • Characteristics: • Eukaryotes – cells are larger than prokaryotes • Highly organized cell interior • Multicellular • Sexual reproduction • 4 kingdoms have in Domain Eukarya: • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

18. DOMAIN EUKARYA • Protista Characteristics: • Multicellular and unicellular • Most are microscopic • Some have cell walls • Many are aquatic • Some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs • Move about using flagella, cilia and pseudopods • Important part of the ocean food chain • Reproduce asexually but can reproduce sexually under stress

19. PROTISTA Flagella Amoeba- pseudopods Cilia

20. DOMAIN EUKARYA • Fungi Characteristics: • Heterotrophic • Eukaryotic • Cell wall made of chitin • Multicellular but one group is unicellular • Yeast cells are unicellular • Do not move from place to place • Lack chlorophyll therefore they are heterotrophs • Obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes on whatever they grow on • Some live on dead organisms and some are parasites

21. FUNGI • FYI: about 100 people die each year from eating poisonous mushrooms • Other examples: • Mold • Mildew • yeast

22. DOMAIN EUKARYA • Plant Characteristics: • All mutlicellular • Almost all are autotrophs • Have specialized cells • Cell walls are composed of cellulose • Cannot move • Spore and seeds allow the dispersal (spread) of plants • They are the “Nutritional Foundation” in an ecosystem • Used as food, Medicine, dye, cloths, paper, etc

23. PLANTS Trees Flowers Ferns

24. Characteristics of Plants • Multicellular (many-celled) • Autotrophic (make their own food) • Primary producers in most ecosystems and provide the nutritional basis in terrestrial ecosystems • Release oxygen to atmosphere • Do you remember the equation for Photosynthesis? Write it below. 6 CO2+ 6 H2OC6H12O6+ 6 O2 • Cell walls are composed of cellulose • Cannot move from place to place

25. 4 Basic Kinds of Plants: • 1. Nonvascular Plants-Usually small and lack tissue to transport water and nutrients. They lack roots stems and leaves. Example: mosses.

27. 2. Seedless Vascular Plants-Have roots stems and leaves; reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Examples: Ferns

28. 3. Nonflowering Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)-vascular plants that reproduce using seeds but do not produce flowers-they produce seeds in a CONE. • Example: Pines and Spruces.

29. Usually have needle like leaves and live in cold dry (arid) environments. • Leaves falling to the ground make the soil very acidic and many plants cannot survive so there is not a lot of diversity. • What does acidic mean? • What does diversity mean?

30. 4. Flowering Seed Plants (Angiosperms)- • Plants that produce flowers. Seeds are produced in a fruit. Examples: roses, grasses and oaks.

31. 2 groups of Angiosperms: • Monocots- • one cotyledons(seed leaf) • flower parts in 3’s • leaves with parallel veins • vascular tissue is scattered • fibrous root systems. • Examples: Grains (such as wheat, corn, rice and grasses)

32. 2. Dicots • two cotyledons(seed leaf) • flower parts in 2’s,4’s or 5’s • leaves with branching veins • vascular tissue is in circular bunches • tap root • Examples: Daisies, roses, apples, peaches, potatoes, tomatoes

34. A Flower contains the reproductive organs of the plant.

35. Parts of a Flower and Their Functions • Sterile parts: (not used in reproduction) • Petals-usually colorful to attract pollinators • Sepals- often green and cover the bud of a flower and protects it as it develops.

36. Female parts: • Pistil- includes all female parts; • located at the center of the flower • Stigma- sticky part on which pollen lands • Style-connects the stigma to the ovary • Ovary-contains ovules & develops into a fruit • Ovule- structure in which an egg develops and eventually become seeds

37. Male parts: • Stamen-includes all male parts • Anther- produces pollen • Filaments-supports the anther

38. Major Parts of A Plant • Major Structures of VASCULAR PLANTS include: • ROOTS, STEMS AND LEAVES.

39. Roots • Take in nutrients from the ground • Anchor plants into the ground • Tap root- one central root with tiny roots branching off • Fibrous roots-highly branched made up of many roots that are the same size Fibrous root Tap Root

40. Stems • Made up of several types of tissue • Supports the leaves and houses vascular tissue • Phloem-tissue that transports nutrients • Xylem- tissue that transports water

41. Leaves • Site of food production –photosynthesis • Parts of leaf: • Cuticle- waxy covering on the leaf that prevents water loss • Stomata- pores on the leaf that prevent water loss (p503, 561) • Guard cells- border each stoma. • Stomata open and close as the guard cells change shape.

42. Guard cells Stomata Stomata Opened Stomata Closed

43. Epidermis-outer layer of tissue • Mesophyll- packed with chloroplasts; where photosynthesis occurs • 2 Layers of mesophyll: • 1.Palisade layer-columnar cells that are right below the upper epidermis • 2. Spongy layer-loosely packed spherical cells between palisade and lower epidermis

44. Upper epidermis Palisade Vascular tissue Spongy mesophyll Lower epidermis Guard cells Stomata

46. Transpiration- loss of water from a plant (THROUGH THE STOMATA)

47. cotyledon 3’s Scattered vascular tissue parallel Fibrous roots Vascular tissue in bundles 4’s or 5’s netlike Tap root cotyledon

48. DOMAIN EUKARYA • Animal Characteristics: • All are heterotrophs • Multicellular • Cells are mostly diploid • Lack a cell wall • Zygotes develop in several stages • Have specialized tissues • Able to move • Most reproduce sexually • Most animals are invertebrate and lack a backbone • Animals that have a backbone are vertebrates

49. ANIMALS Arthropod Mammal Fish Snake