1 / 27

Chemical Bonding 4 IONIC, METALLIC & COORDINATE BONDS

Chemical Bonding 4 IONIC, METALLIC & COORDINATE BONDS. University of Lincoln presentation. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Ionic Bonding.

wilbur
Télécharger la présentation

Chemical Bonding 4 IONIC, METALLIC & COORDINATE BONDS

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chemical Bonding 4 IONIC, METALLIC & COORDINATE BONDS University of Lincoln presentation This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  2. Ionic Bonding This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  3. IONIC BONDING • Very important form of bonding – main bonding mechanism of metals: • >80 elements are METALS • 19 elements are non-metals • 5 elements are metalloids This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  4. Hydrogen and s – block elements p – block elements H He d – block elements B Li Be C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Lanthanoids Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Actinoids Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr f - block elements Ionic Bonding –main bonding mechanism of the metals Ionic This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  5. Forming Ionic Bonds • IONIC BONDS are electrostatic in nature, and are formed by transferring electrons from an electron giver to an electron taker e– ELECTRON GIVER ELECTRON TAKER Cation (+) Anion (-) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  6. Electron Givers • Most metals have 1–3 valence electrons that they would like to lose • Metals are therefore ELECTRON GIVERS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  7. Electron Takers • Elements on the RHS of the periodic table (non-metals) would like to gain electrons • Non-metals are therefore good ELECTRON TAKERS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  8. For Example… Cu(I) Cu – e–  Cu+ Cu(II) Cu – 2e–  Cu2+ O + 2e–  O2– Overall reactions: Cu(I) 4Cu + O2  2Cu2O Cu(II) 2Cu + O2  2CuO This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  9. Some Common Ions This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  10. Structural types • Common geometries adopted: Tetrahedral geometry Octahedral geometry This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  11. Structural shapes • There are only a few structural shapes adopted in solid ionic compounds (salts): • Rock Salt(sodium chloride) • Caesium chloride • Fluorite(calcium fluoride) • Rutile(titanium(IV) oxide) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  12. Rock Salt Structure This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  13. Rock Salt Type – cubic Cation+ Anion– NaCl: 801 C S=35.9g/100ml (25C) The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Cation+ ion = 6 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Anion– ion = 6 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  14. Definition… The COORDINATION NUMBER of an ion is the number of nearest neighbours This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  15. Caesium Chloride Type – BCC Cesium chloride unit cell (space filling diagram) Cesium chloride unit cell (ball and stick diagram) BCC = Body centred cubic This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  16. Caesium Chloride Type – BCC Cation+ Anion– CsCl: 645 C S=162g/100ml (1 C) A unit cell of caesium chloride Extending the caesium chloride structure The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Cation+ ion = 8 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Anion– ion = 8 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  17. Fluorite Type Cation+ Anion– CaF2: 1402 C S=virtually insoluble CaF2 unit cell The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Cation+ ion = 8 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Anion– ion = 4 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  18. Rutile Type Cation+ Anion– TiO2: 1870 C S=Insoluble Unit cell of rutile type TiO2 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Cation+ ion = 6 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Anion– ion = 3 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  19. Metallic Bonding This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  20. Solid State Metals • METALLIC BONDING is a variation on both covalent and ionic bonding: • The bonding is electrostatic in nature (like ionic) • but involves the sharing of electrons (like covalent) over many atoms of the same type This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  21. The Metallic Bond Metal ion Electron The structure of a metal consists of a lattice of bonded metal cations with a ‘sea of electrons’. The electrons are not bound, and can move throughout the structure – hence metals are good conductors of electricity This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  22. Coordinate Bonding This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  23. Hydrogen and s – block elements p – block elements H He d – block elements B Li Be C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Lanthanoids Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Actinoids Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr f - block elements Transition Metals The TRANSITION METALS (d- and f-block metals) usually form COORDINATE BONDS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  24. The Coordinate Bond • The COORDINATE BOND occurs when a species donates its lone pair of electrons to a metal ion The metal does NOT use its own valence electrons for bonding Fe2+ Cl Lone pair This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  25. Definition… • A species that donates a lone pair of electrons to a metal ion to form a coordinate bond is called a LIGAND • A ligand can be either anionic or neutral This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  26. Definitions… • Covalent bond • Ionic bond • Metallic bond • Coordinate bond • Coordination number • Ligand This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

  27. Acknowledgements • JISC • HEA • Centre for Educational Research and Development • School of natural and applied sciences • School of Journalism • SirenFM • http://tango.freedesktop.org This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

More Related