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Abnormal Psychology Chapter 4

Psychotherapy . Def.: general term given all forms of therapy which:Attempt to help a person improve his/her psychological well-being andHelp one better adjust to life's situationsThere are over 250 psychotherapies ? some good and some badE.g.: Primal scream therapy. Mental Health Professional

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Abnormal Psychology Chapter 4

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    1. Abnormal Psychology Chapter 4 Methods of Treatment

    2. Psychotherapy Def.: general term given all forms of therapy which: Attempt to help a person improve his/her psychological well-being and Help one better adjust to lifes situations There are over 250 psychotherapies some good and some bad E.g.: Primal scream therapy

    3. Mental Health Professionals Clinical Psychologists: trained in assessing, diagnosing and treating psych. Disorders Psychiatrists: Doctors who have earned medical degrees and completed a residency in psychiatry

    4. Multicultural Issues in Psychotherapy Question: Why is it essential that therapists be properly trained to work with a clientele from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds than his/her own?

    5. Therapies Therapists use one of two approaches: Eclectic approach Specific theoretical approach

    6. Psychoanalysis Founder: Sigmund Freud Key belief: Psych. problems are result of Childhood experiences Repressed impulses Conflicts between structures in the unconscious mind (id, ego and superego)

    7. Psychoanalysis Therapists job Help the client gain self-insight Insight = figuring out where the persons problem stems from Techniques that unearth the past Free association (resistance) Interpretation

    8. Techniques Used to Unearth the Past Techniques (cont.) Transference Dream analysis: Dreams: the royal road to the unconscious Manifest and latent content

    9. Criticisms of Psychoanalysis Long and costly Can go on for years, several sessions/wk Useless for treating severe disorders Psychodynamic therapies: Similar to psychoanalysis but lasts for several weeks to months, 1 session/wk, done face to face

    10. Cognitive Therapies Therapies which teach people new, more adaptive ways of thinking/acting Based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

    11. Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) Founded by Albert Ellis Vigorously challenges peoples illogical, self-defeating beliefs Figure 15.3 We must rid ourselves of irrational beliefs Replace them with rational beliefs

    12. Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) Ellis therapy tries to show how absurd these self-defeating thoughts are Challenges the client Wheres the proof for your beliefs? Shows the client that s/he is in control of what s/he is thinking Client is taught to monitor beliefs/emotions Substitute real, positive beliefs

    13. Cognitive Therapy Founded by Aaron Beck Particularly effective in treating depression Similar to REBT Clients irrational beliefs are confronted Homework assignments are often used

    14. Successes/Criticisms of Cognitive Therapies Both Becks and Ellis therapies work well in treating many disorders Both have been criticized for concentrating on the present while ignoring potential causes from the past and/or that which is in the unconscious mind

    15. Humanistic Therapy Aim: raise self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance Focus is on: The present instead of the past Conscious thoughts Taking responsibility for ones actions Promoting growth instead of curing illness

    16. Person-centered Therapy Founded by Carl Rogers Most widely used humanistic therapy Brief summary: uses techniques within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment in order to facilitate a clients growth A person will not be blocked from self-fulfillment if s/he is in a state of congruence

    17. Techniques Employed in Therapy Active listening Genuineness Unconditional positive regard Empathy

    18. Behavior Therapies Therapies that apply learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors Goal: replace problem thoughts/behaviors with constructive ones Belief: disorders are thoughts/behaviors learned through reinforcement and or modeling

    19. Behavioral Techniques Virtual reality exposure therapy Head mounted display that projects 3-D images Systematic desensitization: Fig. 15-4 Gradual exposure Modeling Effective in social skills and assertiveness training Aversion therapy: Associates unpleasant state with unwanted behavior

    20. Behavioral Techniques Operant conditioning techniques Use of reinforcement to maintain desired behaviors Token economy in institutions Removal of a reinforcer to eliminate undesirable behaviors Taking away privileges in the hopes the person will stop the unwanted behavior

    21. Biomedical Therapies: Drug Therapy Psychopharmacology: study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior Antianxiety drugs Supress CNS activity, thereby reducing tension and anxiety When used properly, can help a person learn to cope with fear-triggering stimuli

    22. Biomedical Therapies: Drug Therapy Antipsychotic drugs: Dampen responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli Hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, etc. Is believed these drugs work by blocking dopamine and serotonin receptors Tardive dyskinesia (eye blinking, lip smacking, facial grimaces, involuntary muscle movements)

    23. Biomedical Therapies: Drug Therapy Mood stabilizers & antidepressants Lithium provides an effective treatment for up to 50% of people with bipolar disorder Antidepressants Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): blocks reuptake of serotonin, increasing availability Monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors): prevents breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapses, increasing availability

    24. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients A brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient Psychiatrist shocks brain for < 1 second Within 30 min., the patient awakens, but is a little confused

    25. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Is used only as a last resort After 3-5 treatments/wk, for 2-4 weeks, about 80% show a marked improvement Without noticeable brain damage Why does it work?

    26. Psychosurgery: The Prefrontal Lobotomy Egaz Moniz founded the operation in 1936 Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1949 Was once used to calm uncontrollable emotional or violent patients Done by cutting the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the thalamus and hypothalamus (emotion-controlling centers of the brain)

    27. Psychosurgery: The Prefrontal Lobotomy Today, lobotomies are extremely rare and are usually used to stop uncontrollable seizures, depression, OCD, etc. Doctors today are able to deactivate specific nerve clusters, thereby causing less damage Like ECT, it is used mainly as a last resort

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