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What we are looking at today

What we are looking at today. How is industry classified? How does employment structure differ in MEDCs and LEDCs? What is informal employment? A comparative study of sectoral shifts in one MEDC and one LEDC. Introduction.

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What we are looking at today

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  1. What we are looking at today • How is industry classified? • How does employment structure differ in MEDCs and LEDCs? • What is informal employment? • A comparative study of sectoral shifts in one MEDC and one LEDC.

  2. Introduction • Production needs raw materials and we all need a variety of services. • Food production (farming) and the production of manufactured goods are very important. • These are all classified as industries. • Industries are classified according to the type of jobs the majority of people who work for them do.

  3. Classifying industry • Primary industries extract raw materials • Most of these are supplied to other industries • But some will go directly to the consumer, e.g. fish bought on the key in places like Cornwall, or through farmers markets.

  4. Classifying industry • Secondary industries use raw materials and components from else where to manufacture or assemble other things • Most of these are supplied to other industries that pass them to the consumer

  5. More about secondary industry – keywords! • There are different kinds of secondary industry: • Heavy industry: involves large quantities of materials, such steel-making, shipbuilding, car manufacturers and petrochemicals. • These used to be the core of work in the Midlands and North of England and the industrial regions of France Germany and around the Great lakes in the USA. This was because they were close to the raw materials – but this is no longer true – most of these items are now produced more cheaply elsewhere.

  6. More about secondary industry – keywords! • There is light industry.This is the manufacture of products that are light in bulk and use small amounts of raw materials • E.g. small domestic appliances, food processing, clothes. • Then there is high tech industry - Manufacturing involving advanced technology, such as the making of microchips and computers. It also includes genetic engineering, communications and information technology.

  7. Classifying industry • Tertiary industries provide goods and services to the public – often known as the service sector

  8. Classifying industry • We now have a small new fourth or quaternary industrial sector. These are the inventors, the scientists and technologists that design the new things

  9. So which are these do you think?

  10. A B C D In the UK • Things have changed a bit over the years • This graph actually predicts a bit into the future • Can you explain the changes?

  11. Countries vary in their patterns of employment • Now, in the UK, and other MEDCs, there are far fewer involved in agriculture. • Why is that? • The number of people involved in secondary industry is also dropping. Why?? • The amount of people involved in tertiary industry is rising? Why? • And in quaternary industry too. Why?

  12. Countries vary in their patterns of employment • Which countries do you think still have the majority involved in primary industry? • For example? • Which countries will be have an increasing numbers in secondary industry? • For example? • Will these countries have increasing numbers in tertiary and quaternary, do you think?

  13. A brief diversion ! This is what happened to the British population Birth rate and death rate low, high population, stable Birth rate and death rate high, low population, stable Birth rate high and death rate lower, increasing population Birth rate and death rate lower, increasing population

  14. This where various countries of the world are now – see the similarity?

  15. Ethiopia Brazil Japan UK Peru Change it a bit, take away the bottom scale and put in countries and …. • You can see that as countries develop they change their employment structure. • What do you notice about their primary industries, secondary industries and tertiary industries.

  16. The employment structure vary from one place to another • What kind of place do you think these 3 come from?

  17. They employment structure vary from one place to another • Are you surprised? Why do you think they are different in that particular way? United Kingdom India Ethiopia

  18. Is the employment structure sustainable? • Is it possible that fewer and fewer people will be employed in primary industry and yet we can continue to have enough of the raw materials that we need? • How are we doing in Europe? • Do we feed ourselves? Could we feed ourselves? How have we managed to do this? • Could LEDCs do the same? • Or are some producers changing?

  19. Sustainable industry • Secondary employment really only took off in the industrial revolution. • Large factories mass produced goods • Systems became more and more mechanised. • Why are a lot of things we buy not made in the places where they were made first any more? • Do you think the places where they are made now will go on manufacturing more and more goods? Or will this change? • Mass produced goods are often mass thrown out goods. Is this sustainable? How this change?

  20. Tertiary industry • Currently this is 76% in the UK – ¾ of all jobs are in service industries. • We have talked about shops, transport and hospitals and schools. What are some others? • But there 2 major sectors in the UK in particular that we have not talked about. • And these are so big, that if we look at the service industry figures in a year or 2, they might have gone down quite bit. • What do you think these might be? • Will there be ever-increasing numbers in the tertiary industries or do you think that might change one day?

  21. Informal employment • Many millions, especially in LEDCs, work in the informal sector. • They don’t appear in any pie charts • This type of employment include selling goods as street traders. • They don’t pay well • They tend involve long hours. • This is because they do not appear in any government statistics. So there are no taxes paid. They are often illegal. They often involve child labour.

  22. Informal employment • India has a large informal labour market. • Shoe-shine children are part of this. • Work is ‘cash-in-hand’ • Workers’ protection is lacking.

  23. Besides pie charts … • Employment is can demonstrated on triangular graphs • Primary: Brazil is between 40% & 50%. What? • Secondary: Russia is between 40% & 50%. What? • Tertiary: USA is between 60% & 70%. What?

  24. Besides pie charts … • Tanzania • Least economically developed of the countries • 82% primary • 7% secondary • So what % tertiary? • Hint: adds to 100%

  25. Besides pie charts … • Nigeria • Next least economically developed of the countries • 57% primary • ? % secondary • So what % tertiary?

  26. Besides pie charts … • Brazil • ? % primary • ? % secondary • ? % tertiary?

  27. Besides pie charts … • Japan? • ? % primary • ? % secondary • ? % tertiary? • USA? • ? % primary • ? % secondary • ? % tertiary?

  28. Homework • You will have 2 pie charts of the employment structure of different places. • I want you to compare each types of industry and then explain why they are different or the same! • Remember – the opening sentence of a comparison must include both countries! As you go on to explain why, of course, you may be referring to one or the other.

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