720 likes | 736 Vues
Organic Chemistry II Aldehydes and Ketones. Dr. Ralph C. Gatrone Department of Chemistry and Physics Virginia State University. Chapter Objectives. Nomenclature Preparation Reactions Spectroscopy. Nomenclature. Aldehydes Identify the alkane Parent alkane must contain the CHO group
E N D
Organic Chemistry IIAldehydes and Ketones Dr. Ralph C. Gatrone Department of Chemistry and Physics Virginia State University
Chapter Objectives • Nomenclature • Preparation • Reactions • Spectroscopy
Nomenclature • Aldehydes • Identify the alkane • Parent alkane must contain the CHO group • CHO group C is numbered 1 • Replace the “e” with “al”
Nomenclature • Aldehydes • Aldehyde carbon is bonded to ring • Suffix used is “carbaldehyde”
Nomenclature • Ketones • Identify the alkane • Parent alkane • The longest chain containing the carbonyl group • The carbonyl C gets the lowest number possible • Replace the “e” with “one”
Nomenclature • If present with another functional group • Prefix “oxo” is used
As a Substituent • When R-C=O is used as a substituent • Referred to as an acyl group • Ending “yl” is used
Preparation • [O] of primary ROH • [H] of RCO2H • [O] of secondary ROH
Preparation • Ozonolysis of Alkenes
Hydration of Alkynes • Hydration of terminal alkynes in the presence of Hg2+ (catalyst)
Preparation From Organometallics
Preparation • Friedal-Crafts Acylation • Recall: • Reaction does not occur on deactivated rings
Reactions • Oxidation of Aldehydes • [O] = KMnO4/acid; hot HNO3, and CrO3/acid • Ketones are generally inert to oxidation
Reactions • Resonance contribution • Carbon is electrophilic • Oxygen is nucleophilic
Nucleophilic Addition • Provides a tetrahedral intermediate
The Tetrahedral Intermediate • Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones • Consider several nucleophiles
Nucleophile = Water • Product is a 1,1-diol, a gem-diol, a hydrate • Reaction is equilibrium process • Position of equilibrium depends upon structure • Reaction is readily reversible
Nucleophile = Y in HY • Reaction of C=O with H-Y, where Y is electronegative, gives an addition product • Formation is readily reversible
Nu = HCNCyanohydrin Formation • HCN – very weak acid • pKa = 9.1 • Equilibrium favors HCN • Availability of CN as nucleophile is reduced • Base catalysis favors cyanohydrin formation
Uses of Cyanohydrins • The nitrile group (CN) can be reduced with LiAlH4 to yield a primary amine (RCH2NH2) • Can be hydrolyzed by hot acid to yield a carboxylic acid
Nucleophile = Organometallic Reagent • Grignard reagent • Effectively a carbanion
Nucleophile = Hydride • Reduction of Carbonyl compounds • Can use NaBH4 or LiAlH4
Hydride Addition • Convert C=O to CH-OH • LiAlH4 and NaBH4 react as donors of hydride ion • Source of H-1 (not real but useful formally) • Protonation after addition yields the alcohol
Nucleophile = AmineImine and Enamine Formation • Amines – organic derivatives of ammonia • Classified by number of substituents on N • Primary and Secondary amines react • Tertiary amines do not react with carbonyls
Imines and Enamines • Requires an acid catalyst • pH dependent reaction • Reaction is slow at high and low pH • At high pH – not enough acid to protonate • At low pH – the amine is protonated
Imine Formation is Reversible • Drive reaction to right • Add excess amine • Remove water • Dean Stark Trap • Removes water • Azeotrope formation
Derivatives of Imines • Hydroxylamine (NH2OH) • Hydrazine (NH2NH2)
Uses of Oximes • Beckmann rearrangement • Synthesis of Nylon
Uses of Hydrazones The Wolff–Kishner Reaction • Reduction under basic conditions • Ketone or Aldehyde into an alkane • Originally carried out at high temperatures but with dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent takes place near room temperature
Uses of HydrazonesThe Clemmensen Reduction • Reduction under acidic conditions • Provides alkane from Ketone/aldehyde • Through Hydrazone
Uses of HydrazonesReduction of Carbonyls • Reduction under neutral conditions • Tosylhydrazone
Nucleophile = Alcohol • Two equivalents of ROH and acid catalyst • Acetal formation
Uses of Acetals • Acetals can serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones • It is convenient to use a diol, to form a cyclic acetal (the reaction goes even more readily)
Uses of Acetals • Thioacetals • Prepared in same manner as acetals • Reduction under neutral conditions
Acetals and Hemiacetals • Common in carbohydrate chemistry
Glucose • a-D-glucopyranose • mp = 146 oC and [a] = +112.2o • b-D-glucopyranose • mp = 148 - 155 oC and [a] = +18.7o • Dissolve either in water, mutarotation occurs • Alpha become beta, beta becomes alpha • Equilibrium mixture results (37:63 a:b)
Some Phosphorus Chemistry • Amines react with alkyl halides • Quaternary ammonium salt • Phosphines also react with alkyl halides
Phosphorus Chemistry • Positive charge on P stabilizes negative charge that can form on an alpha carbon (must have a H atom) • Ylides are nucleophilic • React with carbonyl compounds
Nucleophile = Phosphorus YlideThe Wittig Reaction • Extends carbon chain by one carbon atom • Adds a double bond into system • Known to be able to control stereochemistry of double bond