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Bioenergetics

Bioenergetics. I. Introduction. A. Definition study of energy flow through a biological system. B. History. 1. Ludwig Boltzman late 19 th century, proposed energy existed as packets based on particles he called atoms, started fields of thermodynamics and kinetics.

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Bioenergetics

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  1. Bioenergetics I. Introduction A. Definition study of energy flow through a biological system B. History 1. Ludwig Boltzman late 19th century, proposed energy existed as packets based on particles he called atoms, started fields of thermodynamics and kinetics. Committed suicide in 1906 because no one believed him. 2. Albert Einstein late 1905 atoms held the energy (basis for almost all energy equations) 3. Ernest Rutherford (1910) and Niels Bohr (1912) would design the shape and structure of an atom. Tragic that Boltzman never saw his science proven nor talked with Einstein.

  2. II. Biological System Energy A. Energy Equation 1. 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 The basis for life on earth is bound to this diagram.

  3. B. Energy Transformation 1. Energy Movement a. Oxidation reactions The complete donation (oxidation or losing) of electrons, hydrogen atoms, or ENERGY between two molecules. b. Reduction reactions The complete receiving (reduction or gaining) of electrons, hydrogen atoms, or ENERGY between two molecules. Page 111

  4. 2. Energy Forms a. Potential Energy b. Kinetic Energy Figure 5.1

  5. 3. Laws of Thermodynamics a. First Law = Law of Conservation, Quantity of Energy, or energy cannot be created nor destroyed only transformed b. Second Law = Law of Order, Quality of Energy, or energy moves from a state of higher order to a state of lower order (called Enropy)

  6. F. Predicting Energy Directions 1. Exergonic Reactions = release energy to the environment 2. Endergonic Reactions= absorb energy to cool the environment

  7. III. Biological Energy Carrier A. ATP 1. Structure of ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) Figure 5.4 Figure 5.3 2. ATP Cycling

  8. B. ATP Coupling 1. How ATP is used by cells.? Page 83 A + B + ATP  A(Pi) + B + ADP  AB + Pi+ + ADP (better example) Figure 5.5

  9. 2. Energy flow by cells? Figure 5.6

  10. C. Making ATP 1. Direct Phosphorylation (or Substrate Level Phosphorylation (SLP) How many ATP per action?

  11. 2. Oxidative Phosphorylation How many ATP per action?

  12. IV. Enzymes A. Structure All enzymes are proteins and therefore can be coerced to change their conformation. Figure 5.7 Cofactor/coenzyme site but nothing bound here.

  13. B. Function Figure 5.9

  14. C. Regulation 1. Feedback Inhibition 2. Vitamins and Minerals Figure 5.8

  15. D. Inhibition a. Competitive b. Noncompetitive

  16. IV. Biological Electron Carriers A. NAD+(Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) are used in all organisms during cellular respiration. B. FAD+ (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) are used in all organisms during cellular respiration.

  17. C. NADP+(Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)is only used in the photosynthetic processes so it is found in blue-green monerans, protistan alga's, and plants.

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