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Renewable Energy Systems

Renewable Energy Systems. ECE 333 Teaching Staff. Professor Tom Overbye, who will be giving the lectures in the Tuesday/Thursday Section Lecturing TA Kate Rogers, who will be giving the lectures in the MWF Section Grading TA Sudipta Dutta Office hours are as given in the syllabus.

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Renewable Energy Systems

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  1. Renewable Energy Systems

  2. ECE 333 Teaching Staff • Professor Tom Overbye, who will be giving the lectures in the Tuesday/Thursday Section • Lecturing TA Kate Rogers, who will be giving the lectures in the MWF Section • Grading TA Sudipta Dutta • Office hours are as given in the syllabus

  3. About Prof. Tom Overbye • Professional • Received BSEE, MSEE, and Ph.D. all from University of Wisconsin at Madison (83, 88, 91) • Worked for eight years as engineer for an electric utility (Madison Gas & Electric) • Have been at UI since 1991, doing teaching and doing research in the area of electric power systems; third time teaching ECE 333 • Developed commercial power system analysis package, known now as PowerWorld Simulator. This package has been sold to about 500 different corporate entities worldwide • DOE investigator for 8/14/2003 blackout

  4. About Prof. Tom Overbye • Nonprofessional • Married to Jo • Have three children • Tim age 15 • Hannah age 13 • Amanda age 11 • Live in country by Homer • Like to bike to work (at least part of the way) • Teach 2nd/3rd Grade Sunday School class at First Baptist Church

  5. My Kids

  6. About Kate • Professional • University of Texas (Austin) for undergrad • University of Illinois (UIUC) for grad school • IEEE-PES, HKN, Tau Beta Pi • Research is in power systems • Was TA for ECE 333 Twice Before

  7. About Kate Nonprofessional • Volunteer Firefighting (in Houston) • SCUBA diving • Running marathons (4) • Went skydiving once • HAM radio

  8. Green Electric Energy Systems • Focus of course is on electric energy sources that are sustainable (won’t diminish over time) excluding large-scale hydro • Course is primarily about the electric aspects of the sources • These resources may be large-scale or may be distributed • Courses does not cover nuclear • Course does not cover biological resources (at least not in-depth) • Course is technical, but given the focus we’ll certainly be covering the ethical, policy and current events as well. • Course prerequisite is ECE 205 or ECE 210

  9. ECE 333 Syllabus • Introduction, fundamentals of electric power • Electric Power Grid, Conventional Generation • Wind Power Systems • Wind/Grid Integration, Introduction to Power Flow • Distributed Generation Technologies • Economics of Distributed Resources • Energy Storage including Electric/Pluggable Hybrid Cars • The Solar Resource • Photovoltaic Materials and Systems • Smart Grid Integration Issues

  10. Notation - Power • Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy • Power Units Watts = voltage x current for dc (W) kW – 1 x 103 Watt MW – 1 x 106 Watt GW – 1 x 109 Watt • Installed U.S. generation capacity is about 900 GW ( about 3 kW per person) • Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW

  11. Notation - Energy • Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what people really want from a power system • Energy Units • Joule = 1 Watt-second (J) • kWh = Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J) • Btu = 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh; 1MWh=3.4MBtu • One gallon of gas has about 0.125 MBtu (36.5 kWh); one gallon ethanol as about 0.084 Mbtu (2/3 that of gas) • U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person)

  12. North America Interconnections

  13. Electric Transmission System

  14. Electric Systems in Energy Context • Class focuses on renewable electric systems, but we first need to put them in the context of the total energy delivery system • Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy transportation • Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually converted into another form of energy when used • About 40% of US energy is transported in electric form, a percentage that is gradually increasing • Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change in world energy infrastructure

  15. Sources of Energy - US About 86% Fossil Fuels CO2 Emissions (millions of metric tons, and per quad) Petroleum: 2598, 64.0 Natural Gas: 1198, 53.0Coal: 2115, 92.3 1 Quad = 293 billion kWh (actual) 1 Quad = 98 billion kWh (used, taking into account efficiency) Source: EIA Energy Outlook 2009 (Early Release), Table 1, 2008 Data

  16. Electric Generation by Fuel/State Source: 2006 EIA Data, Slide by Kate Rogers

  17. Historical and Projected US Energy Consumption Energyin Quad Data says we will be 81% Fossil in 2035!! Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook, 2010

  18. Wind is the Major Electric Renewable Growth Area Right Now 2009 Data:Total: 94.5Coal: 19.7NG: 23.3Petro: 35.3Nuc.: 8.35Bio: 3.88 Geo: 0.36Hydro: 2.68Wind: 0.70 Solar: 0.11 Source: EIA Energy Consumption by Energy Source, July 2009

  19. Growth in US Wind Power Capacity The quickdevelopmenttime for windof 6 monthsto a year means thatchanges infederal tax incentivescan have an almostimmediateimpact onconstruction Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 2nd Qtr, 2010

  20. The World • The total world-wide energy consumption was 472 quad (2006), a growth of about 19% from 2000 values • A breakdown of this value by fuel source is 171.7 quad (36.3%) from petroleum, 127.5 (27.0%) from coal, 108.0 (22.9%) from natural gas, 29.7 (6.3%) from hydroelectric, 27.8 (5.9%) from nuclear, 4.7 (1.0%) other used as electric power, 2.8 (0.6%) other not used as electric power • World-wide total is 86.2% fossil-fuel, and (currently) less than 1.0% in the focus area of this class

  21. The World: Top Energy Users (in Quad), 2006 Data World total is 472; Average per 100 Million people is about 7.32. If world used US averagetotal consumption would be about 2148 quad! • USA – 99.9 • China – 73.8 • Russia – 30.4 • Japan – 22.8 • India – 17.7 • Germany – 14.6 • Canada – 14.0 • France – 11.4 • UK – 9.8 • Brazil – 9.6 Source: US DOE EIA

  22. Per Capita Energy Consumption in MBtu per Year (2006 data) Source http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/tablee1c.xls • Iceland: 568.6 Norway: 410.8 • Kuwait: 469.8 Canada: 427.2 • USA: 334.6 Australia: 276.9 • Russia: 213.9 France: 180.7 • Japan: 178.7 Germany: 177.5 • UK: 161.7 S. Africa: 117.2 • China: 56.2 Brazil: 51.2 • Indonesia: 17.9 India: 15.9 • Pakistan: 14.2 Nigeria: 7.8 • Malawi: 1.9 Afghanistan: 0.6

  23. Global Warming: What is Known is CO2 in Air is Rising Valuewas about 280 ppmin 1800, 389 in 2010 Rate ofincreaseis about2 ppmper year Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/

  24. As is Worldwide Temperature (at Least Over Last 150 Years Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming /

  25. Monthly Worldwide Temp. Data, Last 40 Years (Celsius, 1961-1990 Deviation) http://hadobs.metoffice.com/hadcrut3/diagnostics/global/nh+sh/monthly

  26. How Data is “Averaged” Impacts How It is Perceived This is a two year (24 month) running average overthe last 40 years

  27. How Data is “Averaged” Impacts How It is Perceived This is a four year (48 month) running average of the same data (except starting in 1973)

  28. Local conditions don’t necessarily say much about the global climate Source: http://hadobs.metoffice.com/

  29. U.S Annual Average Temperature Source:http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2009/images/1208natltemp.png

  30. Annual Temperatures for Illinois Source : http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/iltren-temp.png

  31. But more controversy associated with longer temperature trends Estimated surface temperature in Sargassso Sea (located in North Atlantic) Europewas clearly warmerin 1000AD;whether this wastrue world-wide is not known Source: Robsinson, Robsinson, Soon, “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide”, 2007

  32. Going Back a Few More Years http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png

  33. And a Few More http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_Age_Temperature.png

  34. Millions and Tens of Millions

  35. Eventual Atmospheric CO2 Stabilization Level Depends Upon CO2 Emissions Regardless of what we doin the short-term the CO2 levels in the atmosphere willcontinue to increase. The eventual stabilizationlevels depend upon how quickly CO2 emissions are curtailed.Emissions from electricity production are currently about 40% of the total

  36. And Where Might Temps Go? Note that the modelsshow rate of increase valuesof between0.2 to 0.5 C per decade.The rate from1975 to 2005was about 0.2 C per decade. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Warming_Predictions.png

  37. World Population Trends Country 2005 2015 2025 % Japan 127.5 124.7 117.8 -7.6 Germany 82.4 81.9 80.6 -2.2 Russia 142.8 136.0 128.1 -10.3 USA 295.7 325.5 357.4 20.8 China 1306 1361 1394 6.7 India 1094 1251 1396 27.6 World 6449 7230 7941 23.1 Source: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html; values inmillions; percent change from 2005 to 2025

  38. Energy Economics • Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs • Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costs • Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices) • Coal, wind, hydro are in between • Also the units capacity factor is important to determining ultimate cost of electricity • Potential carbon “tax” major uncertainty

  39. Ball park Energy Costs Source: http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/adequacy_report_01-09-09.pdf

  40. Natural Gas Prices 1990’s to 2010 Marginal cost for natural gas fired electricity price in $/MWh is about 7-10 times gas price

  41. Coal Prices have Fallen Substantially from Two Years Ago Pricesare on the orderof $1 to $2 per Mbtu Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/coalnews/coalmar.html#spot

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