Ecology

1. On the following slides, the green sections are the summary. • Underline words = vocabulary! • Hyperlinks are in blue! Ecology Background Image from National Geographic; Photograph by Stephen Toner/Getty Images

2. Find Someone Who… • Knows the difference between abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem. • Knows the meaning of “autotroph” with an example. • Knows the meaning of “heterotroph” with an example. • Knows the difference between herbivore and carnivore with examples. • Knows the difference between mutualism versus parasitism. http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/StaticFiles/animals/images/1024/moose-closeup.jpg

3. Consumer Who is Who? Consumer vs Producer Producer

4. Predator Who is Who? Predator vs Prey Prey http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/05/most-dramatic-predatorpre_n_447712.html#s65332&title=Leopard_Seal_Eats

5. Who is Who?Autorophvs Herbivore Herbivore Autotroph http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/gecko-palm-frond/

6. Who is Who?Carnivore, Herbivore vs Omnivore Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore

7. The ice and steam in Iceland’s landscape (background slide) is an example of a specific environment.

8. Different parts of the world have different in environments. • In this unit, we will study the interdependence and interactions between organisms and their environment; better known as ecology. • Everything on Earth [air, water, plants and animals] is connected. What is Ecology? Background Image from National Geographic; Photograph by Stephen Toner/Getty Images

9. Knowledge Check What are the abiotic versus biotic factors in the diagram? Turn and talk to your neighbor.

10. Abiotic Factors – non-living things in an environment; EX soil, water, light, temperature, wind and space. Biotic Factors – living things in an environment; EX plants & animals. Abiotic vs Biotic Factors http://www.sciencebitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/biotic-abiotic.gif

11. What is symbiosis? • Within a community of species, there are various interactions that can exist. When two species interact closely together it is called symbiosis (whichmeans “living together”). • In competition, two organisms compete for limited resources [i.e. food, water, space]. • Two of the same species; EX males fighting during breeding season. • Two different species; EX plants competing for light or space. • In predation, one species is killed by another. https://www.flickr.com/photos/60912828@N00/5077946302/">Roubicek</a> via <a 

12. In mutualism, both species benefit from the relationship. The butterfly and the flower are helped. In commensalism, one member benefits and the other isn’t helped nor harmed. In parasitism, one organism harms another. Symbiosis Cont. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://qarrtsiluni.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/asmyth4_dsc_9821-symbiosis.jpg&imgrefurl=http://qarrtsiluni.com/2007/12/17/symbiosis/&h=426&w=640&sz=96&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=4IZ__26Bk7ZjTM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsymbiosis%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4ADBR_enUS272US272; Photograph by Anne Morrison Smyth

13. Find Someone Who… • Can name an autotroph in the diagram to the left. • Can name a heterotroph in the diagram. • Can name a herbivore in the diagram. • Can name a carnivore in the diagram. • Can name an omnivore in the diagram. • Knows if there is a decomposer in the diagram.

14. What is an autotroph? • “Self feeding “ organisms that capture energy from sunlight are called autotrophs (they automatically make their food) • EX plants, algae & bacteria • AKA producers. • Allotherorganisms somehow depend on the producers somehow. http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm

15. “Feeding” organisms that have to eat are called heterotrophs(AKA consumers). Types of consumers include: Herbivores – obtain energy by eating plants. (deer, caterpillars) Carnivores – obtain energy by eating heterotrophs. (snakes, tigers) What is a heterotroph? http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/images/foodchain/fullchain.gif

16. Heterotrophs Cont. Omnivores– obtain energy by eating both plants and animals(humans, bears) Saprobes: Detritvores– obtain energy by eating dead organisms (vultures, buzzards) Decomposers– obtain energy by breaking down organicmatter (bacteria, fungi) http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/images/foodchain/fullchain.gif

17. Energy Flow • Food chainsshow the pathway for the transfer of energy. Arrows show the movement of energy (from the grass, to the grasshopper) • A producer always starts a food chain. http://www.jenningsk12.net/WE/peimann/Science/FoodChains/food_chain.jpe

18. Food websare the interconnected food chains in a community. They usually show more detailed relationships. Energy Flow Cont. http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_28/40_07.GIF

19. Knowledge Check If the insects in the ecosystem were removed because of insecticides, would it be a problem for the ravens? Would other species be affected too? Turn and talk to your neighbor. https://www.msu.edu/course/isb/202/snapshot.afs/tsao/images/foodweb.jpg

20. How is this diagram different from the other diagrams of organisms in the ecosystem? Why is it formatted in this way? Turn and talk to your neighbor. "Ecological Pyramid." Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 9 July 2014. 

21. Pyramid of Energy • Energy pyramids show how energy moves through an ecosystem. • Each level of the pyramid represents a trophic level. • Producersare always at bottom (with the most energy, most biomass). • Other organisms gain onlya portion of the energy from the food they eat – most is lost as heat. http://www.etap.org/demo/biology_files/lesson6/kep26.jpg

22. 1st Trophic level – at the bottom; producers, closest to the sun, most amount of energy (100%) 2ndTrophic Level – primary consumers, herbivores (10% of the energy) 3rdTrophic Level – secondary consumers, (1% of the energy) 4thTrophic Level – tertiary consumers, (0.1% of the energy) Pyramid of Energy Cont. http://www.arcytech.org/java/population/images/pyramid1.gif

23. Knowledge Check Heat Loss Animation In this example, which consumers have the least amount of energy available in the system due to the eat loss? Turn and talk to your neighbor. http://files5.pdesas.org/070112214159147142055010099019241217008034040146/Download.ashx?hash=2.2

24. The Biosphere • Earth is divided into different spheres - the biosphere(“bio” meaning life) includes all living things; a biological community including life on land, in water, and in air. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/LivingEarth/Images/living_earth.jpg

25. Recycling the Biosphere • The nutrients of the Earth are constantly being recycled. • There are specific cycles necessary for life on Earth to exist: • The Water Cycle • The Carbon Cycle • The Nitrogen Cycle • The Phosphorous Cycle http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/earth-moon-gallery.html; Photograph courtesy NASA

26. Knowledge Check Let us review the components of the water cycle on the diagram. What does #3 represent? #2? #4? Turn and talk to your neighbor. http://education.jlab.org/reading/img/water_cycle_01.gif

27. The water cycle is defined as the movement of water through different reservoirs on Earth in any phase (solid, liquid, gas). #2 = Condensation #3 = Evaporation #4 = Precipitation The Water Cycle http://education.jlab.org/reading/img/water_cycle_01.gif

28. Evaporation– water changes from liquid to gas Transpiration– water evaporates from the leaves of plants Condensation– water in the atmosphere cools to form clouds Precipitation – water returns to Earth’s surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail Water Cycle Cont. http://www.sawater.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/657AC917-D6E3-4E55-AAD1-38119A0ACBB4/0/diag_water_cycle.gif

29. The Carbon Cycle • Carbon is an important element found in living tissues – the carbon cycleis the movement of carbon through the Earth. • You can find calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in your bones. • Humans and other animals breathe out carbon dioxide (CO2). • Plants need CO2 for photosynthesis. http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/carbon-cycle.gif

30. Follow the arrows to show where the carbon goes within the cycle. http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/54-17-CarbonCycle-L.gif

31. The nitrogenis another important element for life; it is found in theproteins of all organisms. The nitrogen cycle moves nitrogen from the environment into organisms; you can find nitrogen in water, soil, and the atmosphere. The Nitrogen Cycle http://sbi.oregonstate.edu/about/images/cycle.gif

32. What is a limiting factor? • The type of environment in which a particular species lives is its habitat; or the place where an organism lives out its life. • A limiting factor is a factor that limits the number of organisms in the habitatis; it can abiotic or biotic.

33. Ecological Succession • The natural changes that take place in a community over time is called succession. • Succession Animation Virginia creeper colonizing burned forest in Sam Houston National Forest, on Little Lake Creek Loop Trail. Richards, Texas, May 4, 2008 Image

34. Succession Cont. • Primary Succession – when the first [initial] organisms pioneer speciesEX lichen, mosses colonize barren land [EX glacier retreat, volcanic eruption]. http://www.sciencebitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/primary-success.jpg

35. Succession Cont. • Secondary Succession – the changesin a community after an event [EX forest fire]. http://m7science.wikispaces.com/file/view/Secondary_Succession.png/215427266/640x291/Secondary_Succession.png

36. Succession Cont. • When the community of organisms becomes stable, it is a climax community. http://bot1320.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch10/Succession.jpg