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Air Quality Situation and Air Quality Management in Indonesia

Mobilising Media for Cleaner Air in Asia: Media Capacity Building Workshop Yogyakarta, Indonesia 11 – 12 December 2006. Air Quality Situation and Air Quality Management in Indonesia. Driejana 1 and Paul Butarbutar 2

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Air Quality Situation and Air Quality Management in Indonesia

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  1. Mobilising Media for Cleaner Air in Asia: Media Capacity Building Workshop Yogyakarta, Indonesia 11 – 12 December 2006 Air Quality Situation and Air Quality Management in Indonesia Driejana1 and Paul Butarbutar2 1Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung, INDONESIA 2Ecosecurities, INDONESIA

  2. Outline • Main issues • Sources : Emission Inventory • Air Quality Status • Impacts • Current condition of public transport • Air Quality Management • Vision and plans for the future

  3. Main Issues • Urban Air Pollution (PM, NOx, CO, SO2, NH3, O3, HC, Pb) • Transboundary pollution • Photochemical smog • Acid rain

  4. Sources Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Semarang and Medan TRANSPORT >90% CO 50-70% NOx 80-90% HC 30-40% TSP RESIDENTIALS 30-50% TSP INDUSTRY 60-80% SO2 Bandung REFUSE BURNING 20-40% TSP 10-20% HC Soedomo et al., 1992

  5. Air Quality Status: Surabaya and Jakarta PM10 O3

  6. Air Quality Status: Surabaya and Jakarta NOX SO2

  7. (1) Urban Air Quality Photochemical smog Visibility reduction Bandung Jakarta Surabaya Doc: Swisscontact PM10 and O3 exceedances

  8. (2) Trans-boundary pollution: ozone rural DKI Jakarta and Botabek Bandung City, Bandung Regency and Cimahi City urban NO2 and O3

  9. (2) Trans-boundary pollution: acid rain Rain pH measurement 1985 - 2003 (Sumber: LAPAN, 2003) Location of acidic deposition in West Java

  10. Transportation system • Transportation in Indonesia mainly consist of buses (big, medium and mini), train, three/two wheeler

  11. Traffic congestion in Jakarta City Centre

  12. Location of traffic congestion in Yogyakarta

  13. Overlapping of bus routes in Jakarta

  14. Issue in transportation motorcycles • Rapid increase of vehicles: Average growth: around 12% per year National vehicle growth • Motorcycle dominates the traffic Yogyakarta

  15. Issue in transportation • People prioritize the utilization of private vehicles • Easy to purchase private vehicles (availability of loan without down payment for motorcycles, low interest rate for cars) • Parking space sufficiently available, cheap parking fee • Using public transport is not convenient, not safe, and not scheduled • Transportation in big cities has limited network, so that it becomes more expensive than using motorcycle • Mass rapid transport is only available in Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi) • Vehicle testing system for safety and emission does not implemented properly

  16. Year Vechilce Number of vehicle tested Comply with emission limit Not comply with emission limit 2000 Private car 1599 46% 53% 2002 Private car 128 27% 73% 2002 Commercial car 244 14% 86% 2003 Private & commercial 388 20% 80% 2004 Commercial 336 18% 82% 2005 Private & commercial 760 43% 57% Issue in transportation • Emission test conducted in Jakarta showed that most of vehicles did not comply with emission limit for in-use vehicle Source: Clean Air Project, Swisscontact, 2005

  17. Potential emission reduction through proper maintenance Opacity CO HC Before maintenance After maintenance

  18. Vision for urban air quality Vision • clean and healthy urban air in Indonesia in 2020 Mission • to control (prevent, preempt and recover) urban air pollution in integrated and coordinated manner by policy synchronization and implementation”. Goals • achieve air quality that is safe for human and environment and to maintain air quality level within the ambient air quality standard Specific objectives • compliance of national ambient air quality standard for each parameter SO2, NOx, CO, HC, PM10, O3, Pb, at least 340 days in a year latest by 2015;

  19. Air Quality Management • National Level: • preparation of Clean Air Act (expected to be enacted in 2009) • National Strategy and Action Plan in Urban Air Quality Improvement • Air Pollution Control Regulation at provincial levels: • Local Government Regulation in DKI Jakarta Province No.02/2005 (enacted in 2005) • Draft of Local Government Regulation in West Java Province (expected expected to be enacted in 2007) • Air Pollution Control Regulation at city levels • Bandung City Government Regulation (No.3/2005) include some air pollution control measures • Draft of Surabaya City Government Regulation  Covers outdoor (ambient) air quality and indoor

  20. Action Plan to reduce air pollution (1) • National level • Setting up emission standard for new vehicles and in-use vehicles • Legislation and regulation related to air quality, such as fuel quality, vehicle testing • Maintaining ambient air quality monitoring in 10 cities • Socialization of emission testing • Fuel quality testing • Setting up minimum service standard to be fulfilled by local government • Phasing out of leaded gasoline • Promotion of bio-fuel, CNG and other renewable energy

  21. Action Plans to reduce air pollution (2) • Local level: • Construction of busway, monorail, subway as a way to easy the transportation in Jakarta and Bandung • Setting up local emission standard • Smoking ban in public places as a way to reduce indoor air pollution (Jakarta and Bandung)

  22. Current implementation of mass transportation in Jakarta

  23. Future monorail system in Jalan Rasuna Said, Jakarta (under construction)

  24. Thank You

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