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Understanding Body Composition Assessment: Key Concepts and Techniques

This chapter from McArdle, Katch, and Katch's "Exercise Physiology" outlines body composition assessment methods, focusing on the Body Mass Index (BMI) and its limitations regarding fat distribution. It introduces a four-component model of body composition, discussing essential fat levels and the various methods to evaluate body composition, including direct and indirect assessment techniques. Additionally, the chapter highlights the implications of body composition on health, exercise, and nutrition, including current standards for overweight and obesity.

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Understanding Body Composition Assessment: Key Concepts and Techniques

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  1. Chapter 28 Body Composition Assessment McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  2. Body Mass Index (BMI) • BMI = Body mass (kg) ÷ stature (m2) McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  3. New Standards for Overweight and Obesity • BMI limitations • Fails to take body composition and fat distribution into account • Can be affected by other factors • Miss America and BMI • 48% of winners have undesirable values. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  4. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  5. Composition of the Human Body • Four-component model • Skeleton, skin and tissue, muscle, remainder • Total body mass = S + [Sk + St] + M + R • Reference man and reference woman • Lean mass • Muscle • Bone • Fat: Storage, essential McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  6. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  7. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  8. Minimal Leanness Standards • Men: 3% essential body fat • Women: 12% essential body fat McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  9. Composition of the Human Body • Five levels of body composition • Atomic • Molecular • Cellular • Tissue and organ • Whole-body McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  10. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  11. Composition of the Human Body • Leanness, regular exercise, and menstrual irregularity • Exercise stress hypothesis • Energy availability hypothesis • Lean to fat ratio • Delayed onset of menstruation and cancer risk • Less total estrogen production McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  12. Direct Assessment to Evaluate Body Composition • Cadaver analysis • Dissolution • Dissection McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  13. Indirect Assessment to Evaluate Body Composition • Hydrostatic weighing: Archimedes Principle • Validity to estimate body fat • Possible limitations • Computing body density • Computing percent body fat • Limitations of density assumptions • Computing fat mass • Computing fat-free body mass McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  14. Body Volume Measurement • Water displacement • Weighing • Variations with menstruation • Calculating body composition from • Body mass • Body volume • Residual lung volume McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  15. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  16. Skinfold and Girth Measurements • Subcutaneous fat measurement • Caliper • Measurement sites • Usefulness of skinfold scores • Consistent and meaningful scores • Skinfolds and age • More fat deposits internally as one ages McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  17. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  18. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  19. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  20. Skinfold and Girth Measurements • Measurement of girths • Six common sites • Usefulness of girth scores • Helps rank individuals • Body fat predictions from girths • Requires 5 steps McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  21. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) • Influence of hydration level and ambient temperature • Can affect resistance • Applicability of BIA in sports and exercise training • Additional research needed to establish validity for females McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  22. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  23. Other Techniques to Assess Body Composition • Near-Infrared Interactance (NIR) • Questionable validity • Ultrasound assessment of fat • Arm x-ray assessment of fat • Computed tomography • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) • BOD POD McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  24. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  25. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  26. Average Percent Body Fat • Throughout the United States • Men average 12 – 15% body fat • Women average 25 – 28% body fat • Representative samples lacking McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  27. Determining Goal Body Weight • Goal body weight = fat-free body mass ÷ 1.00 − desired %fat McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

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