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Datamining: Techniques and Applications in Economics

Datamining: Techniques and Applications in Economics. Rob Potharst Econometric Institute. Outline of this lecture. Part 1: Intelligent Decisions in Direct Mailing Part 2: Brand Choice using Ensemble Methods Part 3: Ensemble techniques for Choice Problems, especially Churn.

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Datamining: Techniques and Applications in Economics

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  1. Datamining:Techniques and Applications in Economics Rob Potharst Econometric Institute

  2. Outline of this lecture Part 1: Intelligent Decisions in Direct Mailing Part 2: Brand Choice using Ensemble Methods Part 3: Ensemble techniques for Choice Problems, especially Churn Datamining for ICT & Economics,

  3. Part 1Intelligent Decisions in Direct Mailing Rob Potharst, Uzay Kaymak, Wim Pijls Erasmus University RotterdamFaculty of Economics, Dept. of Computer Science Jedid-Jah Jonker, SCP and Nanda Piersma, HES

  4. Outline • Decision problems in direct mailing • The charity organization case • Target selection • models: logreg, CHAID, neural networks, association rules, fuzzy modelling • The frequency problem • models: MDP, reinforcement learning(italic: CI methods) Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  5. Classical literature • Optimal mailing policies:Bitran & Mondschein (1996),Mailing Decisions in the Catalog Sales Industry • on Target Selection:Bult & Wansbeek (1995),Optimal Selection for Direct Mail Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  6. This part of the lecture is based on: • R.Potharst, U.Kaymak & W.Pijls (2001),Neural Networks for Target Selection in Direct Marketing • W.Pijls, R. Potharst & U.Kaymak (2001),Pattern-based Target Selection Applied to Fund Raising (2001) • U.Kaymak (2001), Fuzzy Target Selection using RFM variables • J.J.Jonker, N.Piersma & R.Potharst (2002),Direct Mailing Decisions for a Dutch Fundraiser http://www.few.eur.nl/few/people/potharst/ Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  7. Thanks to: • Jedid-Jah Jonker (Soc.Cult.Planb., DenHaag) • Uzay Kaymak (Erasmus University, R’dam) • Nanda Piersma (HES, A’dam) • Wim Pijls (Erasmus University, R’dam) • an anonymous charity organization Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  8. Decisions in direct mailing • Target Selection: To which addresses are we going to send the next mailing? • Frequency:How often are we going to send a mailing to each separate address? • Inventory Size:How many items of each product should we have on stock? • etc. Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  9. Charity case • A large Dutch charity organization • Goal: to stimulate social and scientific research on a frequent disease • More than 700 000 supporters • Annual budget larger than 15M euro • Multiple mailing campaigns a year, asking for donations Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  10. Database • Information about over 700000 supporters • About 675000 considered for mailings • Supporter’s donation history is traced after first-ever donation (cumulative database) • Recorded data (about 0.5 GB) • mailing dates • donation amount • donation time • administrative data Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  11. Target selection • Problem from (direct) marketing • Generation of customer profiles (models) who could be interested in a product • Models built by analyzing data from similar (previous) campaigns • Classification problem • separate positive cases from negative cases and determine their characteristics Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  12. customers Target selection cycle product test campaign data gathering model conceptualization target selection purchase Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  13. Charity donations • Charity organizations have supporters who donate money for the good cause • Invite supporters to donate through several mailings per year • Charity organizations may have different strategies for mailing supporters • Select those supporters who are likely to donate in a particular mailing Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  14. supporters Target selection for supporters data gathering, past donation behavior model target selection more donations Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  15. Target selection models • Segmentation based, e.g. CHAID • divide customer base into disjoint segments • select most promising segments • segments assumed to be homogeneous • Scoring based, e.g. logistic regression • score each customer in the customer base • select customers with highest scores • individual approach Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  16. 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Fraction of responders 0.5 0.4 0.3 ideal 0.2 typical random 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Fraction selected Gain chart Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  17. 1 ideal typical random 0.9 0.8 0.7 Response fraction 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Fraction selected Hit probability chart Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  18. Data sources • External databases: rental list • maintained by specialized companies • household-specific information • demographic information at ZIP code level • Internal databases: house list • maintained by the company itself • traces purchase history of customer • most reliable and relevant information about the customer Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  19. RFM variables • RecencyHow recent was the last purchase?E.g. number of days since last purchase • FrequencyHow frequent are the purchases?E.g fraction of responded mailings • Monetary valueHow much has the customer spent?E.g. average spending per mailing Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  20. Feature selection • RFM variables • often appropriate to capture specifics of customers • relatively small number of variables • not suitable for identifying new or future prospects • feature selection (and sometimes reduction) still needed to select most relevant variables Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  21. Why neural networks? • Neural networks can hopefully be used for building good target selection models that can predict likely charity supporters successfully • Performance might be better than segmentation models like CHAID, and scoring methods like logistic regression Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  22. Feature selection • R1=Number of weeks since last response • R2=Number of months since first-ever donation • F1=Fraction of responded mailings • F2=Response time for last response • M1=Average donated amount per mailing • M2=Last donated amount • M3=Average donation per year Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  23. Data preparation • Data set selection • which previous mailing to use for modeling? • influence of mailing strategy • select most recent full mailings (1998,1999) • Data set size • about 5000 randomly selected supporters • independent training and test sets • training set 1998 - 4057 samplestest set 1998 - 4080 samplestraining set 1999 - 4111 samplestest set 1999 - 4131 samples

  24. input layer hidden layer output layer Feedforward neural network • 7 inputs • 1 hidden layer • 4 hidden neurons • 1 output logistic linear • normalized inputs and outputs • initial weights random in (-0.1,0.1) Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  25. Results on 1999 data set 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Fraction of responders 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 ideal nn trained on 1998 data 0.1 nn trained on 1999 data random 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Fraction selected Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  26. Results on 1999 data set 0.8 nn trained on 1998 data nn trained on 1999 data 0.75 0.7 0.65 Response fraction 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Fraction selected Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  27. NN vs. logistic regression 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Fraction responded 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 ideal neural network 0.1 logistic regression random 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Fraction selected Training set 1998, test set 1999 Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  28. NN vs. logistic regression 0.8 neural network logistic regression 0.75 0.7 0.65 Response fraction 0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Fraction selected Training set 1998, test set 1999 Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  29. Neural network vs. CHAID 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Fraction of responders 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 ideal neural network 0.1 CHAID random 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Fraction selected Training set 1998, test set 1998 Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  30. Conclusions • Neural networks can be used to build target selection models successfully • They outperform segmentation methods like CHAID, but performance is comparable to statistical regression methods • There is evidence that a neural network model can be used for target selection in multiple mailing campaigns Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  31. Why patterns/association rules? Question: Is it possible to have + , + ? Answer: this study! = pattern-based Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  32. Patterns and their support Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  33. Definitions • a pattern is a set of attribute/value combinations • a record R is a supporter of a pattern P if all attr/val combinations of P match those of R • Example: (3,1,2) is a supporter of ( b = 1, c = 2 ) • the support of a pattern P is the number of supporters of P Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  34. Frequent patterns • Given a minimum support minsup a pattern P is said to be frequent if support( P )  minsup • The set of frequent patterns can be represented by a trie • An algorithm for finding frequent itemsets (like Apriori by Agrawal c.s.) can also be used to find frequent patterns Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  35. The trie of frequent patterns Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  36. Support and response counts Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  37. With response rates Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  38. Selecting the target group Target group: The first record (1,1,2) matches the following freq.patterns: ( a = 1 ) => resp. rate = 50 % ( b = 1 ) => resp. rate = 80 % ( a = 1, b = 2 ) => resp. rate = 100 % => max (mrr) Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  39. PatSelect Input: a set of records Output: a subset of size n: the target group • 1. For all records R in the given set do: • let P be the set of all frequent patterns that match R • let mrr( R ) = max {resp.rate( P ) | P inP } • 2. Sort all records according to decreasing mrr • 3. Select the topmost n records Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  40. Fund raising application • Dutch charity organization • more than 700 000 supporters • 26 mailing campaigns (dates, targets, responses) • spread over six years (‘94 - ‘99) • database of over 400 MB Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  41. Research questions 1) How to select a target group with as high a response rate as possible, on the basis of history data 2) How to select a target group with as high a total amount donated as possible, again on the basis of history data This study: question 1. Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  42. RFM features R1: # weeks since last response R2: # months since first donation F1: fraction of mailings supporter has responded to F2: median response time of supporter M1: etc. Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  43. Model construction • Choose only full mailing campaigns 98/99 • random split: • training set 50 % • test set 50 % • resulting datasets: • tr98, tr99 • test98, test99 • each somewhat less than 200 000 cases!! Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  44. Results‘99, trained on‘98 data Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  45. Results‘99, trained on‘99 data Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  46. Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  47. Comparison • Neither a pure scoring, nor a pure segmentation method • not segments, since patterns can be overlapping! • many patterns => many different scores => performance comparable with scoring methods • but also: Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  48. Interpretability high, since each supporter’s presence in the target group can be explained by its inclusion in a pattern with high response rate!!! Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  49. Conclusions • New method based on patterns and association rule algorithms with following characteristics: • response rate high • interpretability high • interesting method, especially for large databases Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

  50. Why fuzzy? Advantages of fuzzy target selection models in marketing • prediction power larger than conventional statistical models • large degree of transparency due to the linguistic rules that can be derived from data Datamining for ICT & Economics, part 1: Direct Mailing

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