Afghanistan

1. Afghanistan By Honors students: Akiko Hirooka, Amandine E. Togbe, AndreaWilliams, HilaryKoech (spring2011,EN102, Professor Trienne Glover)

2. Contents

4. I. Introduction 1. Summary The Afghan people are made up of several religious tribes, and their guerrilla warfare tactics are a force to be reckoned with. There are four major ethnic groups that make up the Afghan population. There are many minor ethnics groups in Afghanistan. The Afghan people are about 99% Islamic, but there is a small population of Sikhs, Hindus and Jews. Afghans have experienced decades of war and destruction on their land, and recently America has joined forces with Afghanistan to help in rebuilding the country. American Soldiers are equipped with the best of modern day weaponry; however, the Afghan rebels are well versed in guerrilla tactics and warfare.

5. I. Introduction 2. A short history Afghanistan has been ruled by many conquerors since its beginning and seems to have been at war for an indefinite period time. 1709-1826 The Afghan Empire period lasted. 1747 Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan. 1826-1919 Britain and Russia tried to control Afghanistan as part of the effort to gain control of northern access to India. 1839-1842 The Afghans battled the British army. 1878-1881 The second Afghan War with Britain occurred. Britain received governance concessions. 1919 Afghanistan won its independence from the British. 1919-1973 Afghanistan had a period of independent monarchy. 1926 Afghanistan established a monarchy that granted rights to women. 1973-1978 Afghanistan was proclaimed a republic. 1979 The Soviet Union invaded to support the tottering Afghan Communist regime. 1989 The Soviets were forced to withdraw from Afghanistan under relentless pressure by internationally supported anti-Communist mujahedin rebels. (Skaine 3-11)

6. I. Introduction Factional fighting broke out after the Russian withdrawal. 1992-1996 The Mujahedin and strict Islam prevailed. 1994 The Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement, began to dominate. 1996 The Taliban’s dominance reached a peak when they took control of Kabul. Much Taliban activity was extreme and brutal. 2001, September 11 Terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. A US, Allied, and anti-Taliban Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban for sheltering Osama Bin Laden in Afghanistan. 2001 The UN-sponsored Bonn Conference established a process for political reconstruction that included the adoption of a new constitution, a presidential election in 2004, and National Assembly elections in 2005. 2004Hamid KARZAI became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan. 2009 KARZAI was re-elected for a second term. 2011, May 1 Osama Bin Laden was killed by CIA in Pakistan. “Despite gains toward building a stable central government, a resurgent Taliban and continuing provincial instability - particularly in the south and the east - remain serious challenges for the Afghan Government.” (Skaine 3-11)

7. II. General Information about Afghanistan 1. The land • Location: Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran • Area: total: 652,230 sq kmslightly smaller than Texas • Land use: • Arable land: 12.13% • permanent crops: 0.21% • other: 87.66% (2005)

8. II. General Information about Afghanistan • Geographic map of Afghanistan

9. II. General Information about Afghanistan • Terrain: Mountains divided the country into 3 regions. Mountain range that stretches between central Afghanistan and northern Pakistan.  • Mountainous terrain: Hindu Kush Mountains ― Central highland ― Southern plateau ― The northern plains Snow covered mountains • Natural Resources: • Natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones Mountains in Afghanistan Band-e Amir in central highland Northwestern Afghanistan Eastern Afghanistan

10. II. General Information about Afghanistan • Climate Central highland and the southern plateau are very dry. Very High temperature in summer and very cold winters. Precipitation map of Afghanistan http://www.ecogeodb.com/ECO_Detail.asp?P=Climate&CN=Afghanistan&C=AFG http://www.travelguidereference.com/country/climate.ehtml?o=1

11. II. General Information about Afghanistan • Vegetation Sandy desert and high plateau make up the southern plateau. Mostly desert- steppe and meadow-steppe. http://www.ag-afghanistan.de/files/breckle_flora.pdf&usg

12. II. General Information about Afghanistan 2. The People • Population: 29,835,392 (July 2011 est.) • Life expectancy at birth: total population: 45.02 years • Language: Pashto and Dari are the official languages • Religion: Religious sectors which are based on fundamentalist groups have tried for years to reign absolute power over the Afghan people. • Sunni Muslims 80% • Shia Muslims 19% • Others 1% • Minor religious: Nuristans, Balchis, Turkmons • Ethnic groups : Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%  99% of the population of Afghan are of the Islamic faith. They are Siks, Hindu, and even Jews.

13. III. The Women of Afghanistan 1. Afghan Women For the most part, Afghanistan’s extremist religious groups have a strict no tolerance dictatorship for the women of Afghan culture. Afghan women are treated harshly because they are seen as less than the man. These views are the belief of most men in Afghanistan and even more so with the extremist religious cults the Mujahedin. Mujahedin:The Mujahedin groups were established because of the resistance to the Soviet occupation in Afghan (David Gibbs, Fair online paper) Fact Box Every 30 minutes, an Afghan woman dies during childbirth. 87 % of Afghan women are illiterate . 30 % of girls have access to education in Afghanistan. 1 in every 3 Afghan women experience physical, psychological or sexual violence. 44 years is the average life expectancy rate for women in Afghanistan 70 to 80 % of women face forced marriages in Afghanistan Source: IRIN

14. III. The Women of Afghanistan 2. Afghan women in early time • History demonstrates that Afghans once held women in high esteem. HaronAmin, Afghan diplmat, saysthat the current treatment of women in Afghanistan is “not Afghan.” Afghan women were never beaten publicly because there was always a very, very high degree of respect provided or given toward women. (Skaine 13)

15. III. The Women of Afghanistan 2. Afghan women in early time (cont.) • Fact1 • Queen Gawhar Shad from her throne in Heart ruled an empire from the Tigris River to China. When her husband, Shah Rukh, died in 1447, she ruled for 10 more years. • Fact2 • During Abdur Rahman Khan’s reign, in 1880, a number of early reforms regarding women occurred. • ex. • A woman didn’t have to remarry her husband’s next of kin should he die. • A girl given in marriage before puberty had the right to refuse or accept her marriage at full age. • Women could sue for alimony or divorce in cases of cruelty and nonsupport. (Skaine 13)

16. III. The Women of Afghanistan 3. The First Era of Change 1919 Afghanistan gained independence. 1931 Constitution was established. • Afghanistan immediately modernized. • King Amanullah and Queen Soraya took a position against the • seclusion of women. • The government ordered that women no longer had to walk in parks • covered by the veil. • The King abolished slavery, freeing women from concubinage. • The first women’s magazine, IrshadiNiswan (The Guide for Women) • was established (1921). • The king established Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Niswan • (Women’s Protective Association) to promote emancipation. Article #9 says that all persons having Afghan citizenship are equal. ⇒However, all persons were not given equal treatment before the law. Women held a decidedly inferior position in Afghan society. (Skaine 13-23)

17. III. The Women of Afghanistan 3. The First Era of Change (cont.) Late 1920s-1963 Customs brought objections against women unveiling in public and their freedom to move about. 1929 General Mohammad Nadir proclaimed himself the new king. 1959 Prime Minister Mohammed Daoud mentioned the veil, the isolation from all men except near relatives, could not be justified in Islamiclaw. • Many school for girls were discontinued. • King Amanullah’s program was defeated (1929), and a tribal rebellion led • by Habibullah took over. • Female students abroad returned, and polygamy once again became law. • Islam became a state religion. • Women must wear veils. • Wives of high officials could appear in reviewing stands during the Jeshn • holidays with their faces bared. • Women served as ministers and heads of organization (1960s-1970s) • Women were permitted to vote by the 1964 constitution. (Skaine 13-23)

18. III. The Women of Afghanistan 4. The Second Era of Change The second era of intense women's reform occurred in the late 1970s. 1978 The leftist group in power promised full equality for women. 1978 Afghanistan became a democratic regime. 1979 The Soviets took over and instituted changes in the status of women. • In reality, they did not provide it. • Women were more visible in Kabul but had no real decision power. • It was believed that women belonged in the home and counted none as • followers. • People Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) was heavily supported by • the Soviet Union. PDPA quickly pushed for massive social reforms. • ex. Compulsory education for girls. Bride price was abolished.  • Minimum legal age for marriage for girls was set at 16. • In rural areas, resentment and backlash occurred because PDPA disregarded sensitive tribal values and traditions. • The PDPA responded with brutal violence - killing scores of innocent people. (Skaine 13-23)

19. III. The Women of Afghanistan 4. The Second Era of Change 1989 The Soviets left Afghanistan 1992-1996Civil War: The Mujahideen took over Kabul and declared Afghanistan an Islamic state • In conservative areas, many women appear in public only if dressed in a • complete head-to-toe garment with a mesh covered opening for their eyes. • The Mujahideen burnt down the university, library and schools. • Women were forced to wear the burqa and fewer women were visible on • television and in professional jobs. • Stories of killings, rapes, amputations and other forms of violence were told • daily. • To avoid rape and forced marriages, young women were resorting to suicide. • Despite all of the chaos, women were still allowed to work and get an • education under the Mujahideen. • ⇒In fact, before the Taliban took over Kabul, about half of the working • population were women.  (Skaine 13-23)

20. III. The Women of Afghanistan 5. Afghan Women Under the Rule of the Taliban(1996 – 2001 ) In September 1996, the Taliban took over Afghanistan's capital. During the rule of the Taliban, women were treated worse than in any other time or by any other society. • They immediately imposed restrictions on Afghan women. • Women who were doctors and teachers before, suddenly were forced to be beggars in order to feed their families.  • Afghan women were … • - forbidden to work, leave the house without • a male escort, • - not allowed to seek medical help from a male doctor • forced to cover themselves from head to toe, even • covering their eyes. (Skaine 61-62)

21. III. The Women of Afghanistan Cf. Examples of list of 29 restrictions place on women and 11 restrictions applicable to all Afghans. Complete ban on women’s activity outside the home unless accompanied by a mahram (close male relative such as a father, brother or husband). Whipping, beating and verbal abuse of women not clothed in accordance with Taliban rules, or of women unaccompanied by a mahram. Whipping of women in public for having non-covered ankles. Ban on women riding in a taxi without a mahram, laughing loudly, talking or shaking hands with non-mahram males, playing sports or entering a sport center or club, washing clothes next to rivers or in a public place, appearing on the balconies of their apartment or house etc. Ban on the photographing or filming of women, women’s pictures printed etc. Women could be beat just for wearing white socks.

22. III. The Women of Afghanistan Cf. A victim of a horrible Taliban rule It is a portrait of Aisha, a shy 18-year-old Afghan woman who was sentenced by a Taliban commander to have her nose and ears cut off for fleeing her abusive in-laws. Read more: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2007269,00.html#ixzz1OaAqvStx

23. III. The Women of Afghanistan 6. Post Taliban Rule Late 2001 The United Front together with the United States attacked the Taliban and Al Qaeda, and forced them out of Kabul. 2004 Afghanistan adopted its new constitution, establishing the country as an Islamic Republic. The citizens of Afghanistan – whether man or woman – have equal rights and duties before the law. • “The restrictions on Afghan women were officially lifted and they were allowed to once again work and go to school.  “Today, however, the abuse of women continues as the government is too weak to enforce many of the laws, especially in the rural areas, and in once Taliban supported areas.” cf. 11/12/08: Two Taliban supporters sprayed acid on the faces of school girls in Kandahar. Over a dozen girls were injured. (Skaine 13-23)

24. III. The Women of Afghanistan According to Amnesty International, thousands of unarmed civilians have been killed by surprise attack on their homes, mostly in Kabul. Other women have been killed for a variety of reasons, such as resisting whatever the Mujahideed groups wanted. (Skine 85) Threat to Afghan women… Abduction Rape Being sold into prostitution Taken as wives Being stoned etc.

25. III. The Women of Afghanistan Let’s watch a videoand Learn more about Afghanistan Robert Greenwald and BRAVE NEW FOUNDATION present “RETHINK Afghanistan (Part 5): Women of Afghanistan” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7jAT0FAGBc

26. III. The Women of Afghanistan Afghan women’s voice (2001) 1. What experiences have you had since the Taliban took power? - The Taliban’s first work after capturing power was the closure of girls’ schools, and then they started their oppression against women and men. - The Taliban don’t allow the women to go outside home, to work and even in the beginning, they deprived women of going to the doctor. They forced the women to wear a veil. 2. How is your life changed as a result of the Taliban? - Emigration from my home-province to Kabul city and from here to refugee camps in Pakistan is the result of the Taliban takeover. All we know is hunger and wandering from here to there in search of food and shelter in the refugee camps in Pakistan. (Skaine 86-123)

27. III. The Women of Afghanistan 3. What was your life like before the Taliban came to power? - Before the Taliban our life also wasn’t good. The Jehadis were more brutal than the Taliban. During the Jehadis, every day we were in fear of hunger, rape and other uncountable problems. Many young girls committed suicide just to save their chasity from the filthy hands of the Jehadis. Hundreds of families sold their children very cheaply because they hadn’t anything to feed them. - Before the Jihadi and Taliban we led a good life in Kabul. My husband was a carpenter and, with my brother, made furniture and many other wood items. 4. Do you think your life would be better or worse if the Taliban were no longer in power? - Under whatever organization or government that is in favor of democracy, education and rights of women, our life will become better. If they are against these wishes our life will become worse than the Taliban regime. - In my opinion if a government is established by an election and grants people democracy and freedom, then the lives of most people will get better. (Skaine 86-123)

28. III. The Women of Afghanistan 5. What else would you like to say about your experiences in Afghanistan? - The 20 years have given me a bitter experience that if people are given their own right to decide their fate and no external power meddle in it, certainly peace, security and democracy will come in our country. - My country was destroyed by the Russians and Jihadi and now Taliban. I wish that Allah place blessings on us and put an end to the misery of our people so that our people can return to their country and rebuild their houses and lands. - Except for war and killing and destruction and misery, I don’t have any other experience in my life. (Skaine 86-123)

29. IV. Afghanistan / American war 1. War in Afghanistan The rebellion in Afghanistan began in 1978, as the Soviet took over the country. While Afghanistan was in the depths of war with the Soviets who were occupying Afghanistan, the U.S. was in a cold war with the U.S.S.R., and the U.S. was determine d to win the cold war by any means necessary. The Mujahedin were allies of convenience for the U.S.A which was bent on winning the Cold War. Tortures of women and children, including drug trafficking were fully out in the open. America turned a blind eye. None of these atrocities were a secret to the U.S.A.

30. IV. Afghanistan / American war 2. Contentious truth The Mujahedin groups received massive external support from the U.S. C.I.A. and a variety of U.S. Allies. The C.I.A. favored the Most Extreme Mujahedin. The U.S.A wanted to ensure the most fanatical groups were armed, and the best trained. Unbeknownst to most Americans was the possibility that the future would bring repercussion because of these acts. Osama Bin Laden was recruited by the U.S. CIA in 1979. Bin Laden had accounts in a bank for credit and commerce which was the bank the C.I.A used to finance its own covert operations. He used his connection to raise money for the Mujahedin. (David Gibbs article in Fair online paper)

31. IV. War in Afghanistan 2. Contentious truth (cont.) American press praised the Mujahedin guerrilla tactics. Details that the extremist groups that received the most U.S. Aid was His-i-Islam headed by the Guldadin. The Guldadin had an appalling human rights record. Radicals were given orders to throw acid in the faces of unveiled women. America looked the other way. -David Gibbs- (David Gibbs article in Fair online paper)

32. IV. Afghanistan / American war 3. Osama Bin Laden and his relation to the Taliban Afghanistan according to US sheltered Bin Laden, which afterwards became very affiliated with the Taliban. 4. Actions taken on both sides • Taliban non retreat and perseverance. • US has been increasing its troops and trying to negotiate through NATO. • The situation is steady; the Taliban are very resistant making it hard for US to gain any advance. 5. The progress of the war • There is no official progress of the war.

33. IV. Afghanistan / American war 6. The Taliban • Who are they? It is a Sunni Islamist group. Its rise was initially greeted with relief by many Afghans weary of the corruption and brutality of the warlords who had fought for control in the years after the end of Soviet occupation. During its time in power, the Taliban sheltered Osama bin Laden. • They emerged during Afghanistan Civil War. • Their aim is to restore peace. • The group grew out of a student movement. • Where are they? • Based in the Pashtun region in the country's southeast. • They sought shelter in Pakistan after 9/11 .

34. IV. Afghanistan / American war Let’s watch a videoand Learn more Robert Greenwald and BRAVE NEW FOUNDATION present “RETHINK Afghanistan (Part 1): More Troops + Afghanistan = Catastrophe ” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPUwQGmMSm0&playnext=1&list=PL0F2B9493006F6389

35. V. Osama the Hide and Seek Champion 2001-11

36. V. Osama the Hide and Seek Champion 2001-11 1. Who is Bin Laden? Osama bin Laden was one leaders of Al Qaeda: A radical branch of the Mujahedeen freedom fighters of Afghanistan. Osama bin Laden began using suicide bombing to accelerate change. In 1989, he established a Taliban dictatorship in Afghanistan. The Taliban was bent on destroying all the war lords of various minority groups . 2. Why the Rivalry? • U.S was in a cold war with the Soviets and thus they began to establish their military bases all over the middle east including Saudi Arabia (Bin Laden’s native home), and Afghanistan. • The Taliban administration knew that U.S. could pose a threat to their autocratic leadership and they thus asked U.S to leave. • U.S did not agree to these conditions and soon after, Osama declared war on America.

37. V. Osama the Hide and Seek Champion 2001-11 3. War on terror Osama began by bombing the U.S embassies in Kenya and Tanzania but his greatest attack was the 9/11 bombing. Former president Bush declared war on al Qaeda and the Taliban government responsible for hiding him in Afghanistan. His plan was to “smoke him out.” They “smoked him out” for almost a decade. Washington Post claimed that the military received a very small number of leads – most of which were “red herrings.” In 2006, the military base in Afghanistan and Pakistan claimed that the trail had gone stone cold. The U.S military could not find bin laden despite the superior technology and weapons readily available to the U.S military. Osama used far more “advanced communication” than the U.S military. While American troops used satellite phones, computers and tracking devices to communicate, Osama was using whistles, nods, whispers and coded notes thus making his trail untraceable. Osama was also well known for his immobility unlike Zawahiri, another Al Qaeda leader, whose mobility got him killed. Osama had about four significant hiding places making the chance of tracking him almost nil.

38. V. Osama the Hide and Seek Champion 2001-11 4. Why didn’t they find him? Osama used ad populum effectively. He claimed that the U.S were defiling the “Holy Land” and that they should leave. His religious campaign was incredibly successful owing to the fact that he had a reputation as a knowledgeable religious student, a Quran interpreter and a religious literary writer. Osama was the people’s favorite. Osama’s charity efforts are well known among various Arab nations. Osama built schools and day cares called “madrasa” in very remote areas of Sudan, Afghanistan and Pakistan thus establishing trust the among the Arab people, who seemed fond of him. This fondness even outweighed the $50 million dollar bounty U.S.A. offered to the person who would turn Osama in. For 9/11?? FBI TEN MOST WANTED FUGITIVE-USAMA BIN LADEN <Caution> Usama Bin Laden is wanted in connection with the August 7, 1998, bombings of the United States Embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya. These attacks killed over 200 people. In addition, Bin Laden is a suspect in other terrorist attacks throughout the world.

39. VI. Osama the Hide and Seek Champion 2001-11 4. Why didn’t they find him? (cont.) • Bush administration foiled many extraction efforts. ―The U.S military cornered Osama four times during the Bush administration and during each time, The troops were given orders to extract him alive – which was almost impossible, considering the fact that Al Qaeda members were jihadists; they would rather die than be apprehended. ―The CIA Bin Laden unit was disbanded in 2005 by the former President and the members spread in many departments to decrease chances of communication. ―U.S government in 2006 released confidential information from the U.S intelligence in Afghanistan about a breakthrough in hacking through Bin Laden’s website. This leaked info made it known to Osama about the breach and destroyed the six year operation planned by the military

40. VI. Hopes for Future in Afghanistan 1. Hopes for future With great hopes for a better relationship in the future as detailed in “Relationship Between Afghanistan and the U. S. Will Improve Under A New American President”. However… Rebuilding a country such as Afghanistan where everyday American troops and Afghan fighters are in extreme danger is difficult. “Afghanistan is working hard with our American friends to help in not only fighting terrorism, but helping the economy and well being of Afghan citizens”. -TayebJawad, Ambassador of Afghanistan to the U.S. Not everyone in Afghanistan sees the Americans as their friends. Hardened extremist guerrilla fighters will not forget. =>They kill their fellow men for their betrayal of siding with America in the rebuilding of Afghanistan.

41. VI. Hopes for Future in Afghanistan Hope for Afghanistan’s economical improvements are telecommunications and mining. (- TayebJawad, Ambassador of Afghanistan to the U.S.) Afghanistan is at a “fork at the road” between a vicious circle and a virtuous circle”. (-AshrafGhani, the chairman for state effectiveness) The Talk Radio News Service, revealed more of what Afghan Ambassador said, “Jawad said he was happy with recent improvements in the economy in Afghanistan, but there was “further business potential”. or A virtuous circle A vicious circle People are forced to use their guns, which also creates new enemies. A virtuous circle would mean a stable economy where poor people become Stakeholders.

42. VI. Hopes for Future in Afghanistan Five latent assists (water,geology, agriculture, location and money) could drastically improve their economy if used properly.(-Talk Radio New Service) The alliance between Afghanistan and American which involves other countries is duplicitous in nature and can have a far reaching effect worse than we can imagine. - These assists are latent because at this time they are not being used by the government. Water is critical to regions and will soon be as valuable as oil. (- AlterNet) - “The CIA report suggested focused propaganda campaigns. The CIA teams also indicated that Afghan women could be deployed as part of a concerted tragedy, to manipulate public opinion in support of the war effort.” (by Nick Turse) - France tailored focused messages on civilians and refugees that will turn guilt to the advantage of the United States. - The Germans increased positive press about the war combined with scare tactics (highlighting that defeat in Afghanistan may expose Germany to terrorism, opium and refugees.

43. Exercises • Let’s Check What you Learned! • Where is Afghanistan located? • How is the soil, the vegetation and the climate of this country? • How are Afghan living conditions compared to those of American people? • What is the difference between the different denominations of Islam? • What was the US aim for going to war against Afghanistan? • Why does the US still have troops in Afghanistan? • Considering the Afghan people’s living conditions, what will you say about Afghan soldiers? (Remember, they emerged in the Pasthum region of Afghanistan) • How will you then consider the Taliban? (Are they people fighting for their freedom or terrorists who need to be stopped).

44. Exercises • What have Afghan women been suffering from? • What made Afghan women’s plight worse ? • How has the situation of women in Afghanistan been changed? • What are the two rights for Afghan women described in the constitution, and do they really work or not? • Is the situation for Afghan women worse than it was under the Taliban? If so, how and why? • Were the women of Afghanistan liberated by the U.S. invasion? • If the Afghanistan women’s status is still low, why? What should we do to improve it? • Will more troops help the women of Afghanistan? • What do you think the U.S. military should do to improve the rights of Afghan women rather than to sent a lot of troops? • What will it take to improve the lives of women in Afghanistan?

45. Exercises • How does having various tribes and ethnic groups who speaks different dialects affect Afghanistan's cultural beliefs? • How long did the Soviet Invasion last, and what has been the penalty for countries who have underestimated the Afghan guerillas’ fighter tactics? • What are the rights of women in Afghanistan, and have they overcome obstacles in the area of equal rights? • President Obama does not think that American can win the war in Afghanistan. Then why are U.S. Troops in the region? • What was Osama Bin Laden’s role in Afghanistan, and was he a folk hero who is immortalized? • Do Afghanistan's people welcome America's help, or do they resent America's interference on their land? • What are Afghanistan's most natural and profitable resources? • Why has the Afghanistan government not utilized its natural resources for the benefit of the country.

46. Exercises • What is the origin of the conflict between Al Qaeda and America? • How did Osama use religious justification to propagate hatred for America? • Why would the Taliban government fear intervention from U.S in their territory? • Why didn’t Osama use futuristic technology to enhance his hibernation? • Why did the Pakistani natives who made contact with Osama willingly decide not to disclose Osama’s whereabouts? • How did Osama manage to keep his movement s stealthy? • How did the Bush administration hamper efforts to extract Bin Laden?

47. Bibliography Qazi, Abdullah. “General Information About Afghanistan.” Afghanistan online, Web. 6 Apr. 2011. www.afghan-web.com/facts.html. Robert Greenwald and BRAVE NEW FOUNDATION, “RETHINK Afghanistan (Part 1):More Troops + Afghanistan = Catastrophe [Video].” (2009). Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPUwQGmMSm0&playnext=1&list=PL0F2B9493006F6389. Robert Greenwald and BRAVE NEW FOUNDATION, “RETHINK Afghanistan (Part 5):Women of Afghanistan [Video].” (2009). Retrieved July 7, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7jAT0FAGBc. Rostami-Povery, Elaheh. Afghan Women. London: Zed Books, 2007. Print. Skaine, Rosemarie. The Women of Afghanistan Under the Taliban. North Carolina: MacFarland, 2002. Print. “Ten Most Wanted,” The FBI. FBI, Web. 14 Jun. 2011. http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten. “The World Fact Book Afghanistan,” Central Intelligence Agency, Web. 20 Apr. 2011. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html.