1. Membrane receptor types Extracellular signal molecules Channel Receptor Receptor Cell membrane G protein Enzyme Receptor- channel Receptor-enzyme G protein-coupled receptor

2. Amplification Receptor-ligand complex activates an amplifier enzyme (AE). Signal molecule Extracellular fluid Receptor Intracellular signal molecules Cell membrane Target proteins Intracellular fluid

3. Intracellular pathways Signal molecule Extracellular fluid binds to Signal molecule Membrane receptor initiates Receptor Intracellular signal molecules Signal transduction by proteins Ion channel Target proteins Amplifier enzymes alter Response Second messenger molecules Intracellular fluid Increase intracellular Ca2+ Protein kinases Phosphorylated proteins Calcium-binding proteins Cell response

4. Central Nervous System ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN Cerebrum Thalamus Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Cerebellum Temporal lobe Fig. 9-9

5. Central Nervous System ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN Thalamus Hypothalamus Anteriorpituitary Posterior pituitary Fig. 9-10

6. Central Nervous System ANATOMY OF THE BRAINSTEM Thalamus Midbrain Pons Medullaoblongata Spinal cord Fig. 9-9

7. Central Nervous System ANATOMY OF THE SPINAL CORD Cerebral hemispheres Cerebellum Cervical spinal nerves Thoracic spinal nerves Lumbar spinal nerves Sacral spinal nerves Fig. 9-4

8. Overall Organization of Nervous System Fig. 8-1

9. Types of neurons Sensory or afferent neuron Interneuron Motor or efferent neuron

10. Types of neurons Sensory or afferent neurons Interneurons of CNS Motor or efferent neurons Neurons forsmell and vision Somatic senses Dendrites Dendrites Axon Dendrites Schwann cell Axon Axon Axonterminal Axon Fig. 8-3

11. Types of glial cells GLIAL CELLS are found in Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system contains contains Satellitecells Microglia (modifiedimmune cells) Schwann cells Ependymalcells Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes form form act as Myelin sheaths Scavengers provide help form create secrete take up secrete Source ofneuralstem cells Barriersbetweencompartments Blood-brainbarrier Substrates forATP production Neurotrophicfactors K+, water,neurotransmitters Supportcell bodies Neurotrophicfactors Fig. 8-5

12. Glial cells of the CNS Ependymalcell Interneurons Microglia Capillary Astrocyte Myelin(cut) Axon Node Oligodendrocyte Fig. 8-5

13. Schwann Cells Cell body Nucleus Schwann cell Axon 1–1.5 mm Node of Ranvier Schwann cell nucleus Myelin Axon Fig. 8-6

14. General structure of neurons Input signal Dendrites Integration Cellbody Nucleus Axon hillock Axon (initialsegment) Myelinsheath Presynapticaxon terminal Outputsignal Synapticcleft Synapse Postsynapticdendrite Postsynapticneuron Fig. 8-2