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The Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated in the 11th century, primarily aiming to reclaim the Holy Land from Seljuq control. Sparked by Pope Urban II's call, thousands of Europeans participated for various reasons, including spiritual salvation, adventure, and economic gain. Key events include the triumphant First Crusade and successive campaigns like the Second and Third Crusades, which ultimately failed to permanently regain Jerusalem from Saladin. Lasting impacts included shifts in trade, reduced feudalism, and stronger monarchies across Europe.

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The Crusades

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  1. The Crusades

  2. Causes of the Crusades • Free the Holy Land from Seljuq control • Seljuq Turks • Captured Holy Land • Dates back to when Byzantines still controlled Constantinople • Started by Pope Urban II • 10,000 Europeans joined cause • Wore a cross on shoulder or back • Reasons people went: • To save souls • Money and land • Adventure

  3. The First Crusade • Brought much of the Holy Land under European control • Lead by French and Italian Lords • Lacked food and water • Brought European customs to Holy Land • Feudalism • Fiefs • Trade

  4. Other Major Crusades • The Second Crusade • Failed to recapture Damascus • France (Louis VII) and Germany (Conrad III) • The Third Crusade • Again failed to recapture Jerusalem • Saladin helped the lead the Muslims to regain control of Jerusalem • Rome (Barbarossa), France (Phillip II), England (Richard I) • The Fourth Crusade • French Knights attacked Constantinople, Europeans still controlled Constantinople at the end of the 4th crusade • Constantinople collapsed in 1453 • Other crusades • crusades continued until the last Christian stronghold, Acre, fell in 1291

  5. Results of the Crusades • Weapons and warfare • Crossbow • New ways to wage war • Political changes • Fewer lords • Stronger kings • End of feudalism, gave way to a stronger monarchy • More powerful Christian church

  6. The Revival of Trade

  7. Trade Routes • Trade in Italy • Sea and overland trade routes • Trade in northern Europe • Growth in population and wealth occurred as a result of revival of trade • The Hanseatic League • German trading cities joined together to increase trade • Controlled trade on Baltic and North Sea

  8. Trade Goods and Markets • Luxury goods • Dyes • Medicines • Silks • Spices • Manufactured goods • Cotton • Linen • Art objects • Local markets gave rise to fairs for sale of imported goods with added tax • Barter Economy • Fairs are where early merchants sold most of their goods • Social events • Tournaments

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