The Industrial Revolution: Key Changes and Global Impact

1. 2nd Qtr Review

2. The Industrial Revolution

3. Which country was the 1st to industrialize? • Great Britain! • Why? • Natural Resources • Gov’t Support • Lots of Labor • Agric Rev’n • Capital ($$$$$) • Via trade • Transportation

4. Effects of Industrialization • Urbanization -> Growth of Cities • Living Conditions: • Initially – Bad • Later after reforms – Improved standard of living • Working Conditions: • Dangerous, dirty, unsanitary • Later after reforms – Incr Wages, less hrs, better conditions

5. Social classes • Rise of the middle class • Resentment from upper and lower classes • Better transportation • Steam -> Railroads! Ships • Widened the gap between industrialized & non-industrialized nations

6. Technological Advances • Kay’s Flying shuttle helped speed up weaving • Arkwright’s water frame enabled more efficient weaving & created the need for factories • Cotton gin • Steam Engine for factories

7. Emergence of Capitalism • What famous economist? • Adam Smith! • Self-Interest & Competition leads to • Best Goods at the Lowest Prices • Gov’t shouldn’t interfere w/ economy • Laissez Faire

8. Marxism • Karl • Problem: • Workers are exploited • Class struggle is inevitable • Leads to socialism/communism

9. Imperialism

10. What is Imperialism? • Foreign control of a people or territory • Economically • Culturally • Politically

11. Old Imperialism • Age of Exploration (Think Columbus 1492) • Spain -> South America • France & GB -> North America • Slavery

12. Forms • Colony • An imperial power OPENLY controlling another territory/ppl • Protectorate • Puppet Gov’t • Sphere of Influence • Exclusive Trading Benefits for imperial power • Econ Imperialism • Politically independent country controlled by private foreign companies

13. Why? • $ • IR • Prestige (Improve Nat’l Social Status) • Religion • Missionaries/Christianity • Cultural • “Civilize” them • Justification: • Social Darwinism • The strongest should survive

14. New Imperialism • 1850-1914 • Africa • Asia • Causes • Nationalism -> Competition, Prestige • $ - IR -> Need Resources • Missionary Spirit, Religion

15. Resistance to Imperialism • Africa • Armed resistance, most often failed. • Berlin Conference – European countries “Carved” up Africa w/o African representation • By 1914 only Liberia & Ethiopia were independent

16. India • “Crown Jewel” colony of GB • Armed resistance (Sepoy Rebellion) • China • Resistance: Sun Yat-Sen • Armed Resistance • Opium Wars • Japan • Industrialized

17. World War I“The Great War”1914-1918

18. Causes • MANIA

19. Militarism • Alliances (Entangling) • Nationalism • Imperialism • Assassination

20. Entangling Alliances • Initial Dispute: Serbia & A-H • Russia supports Serbia • Germany supports A-H • France supports Russia • Germany’s Schlieffen Plan violates Belgium which pulls in GB

21. Triple Alliance • Italy • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Will become the • Central Powers • Triple Entente • France • Great Britain • Russia • Will become the • Allies

22. Total War • Gov’t took control of economies (factories) • Rationing • Women joined the work force • Higher Employment • Propaganda

23. Both: Massive Casualties & Destruction Western Front Eastern Front • Trench Warfare • Small land gains • Germany, GB & France • Stalemate • No Trenches • Large land gains • Germany, A-H, Turks vs Russia & Serbs

24. 3 Major Events • Armenian Genocide • Ottoman Turks systematically try to eliminate Armenians • US Joins the Allies 1917 • German Submarine Warfare sings the Lusitania • Zimmerman Telegram • Russian Rev’n 1918 – • Promising Peace, Bread & Land Lenin signs the Treat y of Brest-Litovsk w/ Germany which gives up land to Germany & gets Russia out of the war

25. Wilson’s 14 Points • Proposed Peace Plan • End secret treaties • Freedom of the seas • Free trade • Reduce military • Be fair to colonial ppl • Suggestions for creating new nations w/ self-determination • Nations need to come together to protect each other (would become the League of Nations)

26. Treaty of Versailles • Signed Agreement • League of Nations • No Germany or Russia • Germany loses A-L & all of its overseas colonies • Germany must decrease military • War Guilt clause • Sole responsibility for WWI • Reparation payments $33 Billion over 30 yrs

27. Effects of WWI • Generation of Europeans killed or wounded • Dynasties fall • A-H, Germany (Hohezollern family), Russia (Romanovs) • New Countries Created • League of Nations created to promote Peace • Long-Term Effects • Some nations feel betrayed & resentful w/ outcome • Nationalism & Competition remain

28. Effect on Art/Lit • “Lost Generation” • Generation of people born between 1883 and 1900 • Disillusioned by WWI. • Pioneered new styles of artistic expression through writing. • Spent considerable amounts of time outside the US

29. Gertrude Stein • Ernest Hemingway • Thomas Eliot