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IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact. Generally, to produce a cultivar that is superior to farmers' varieties in a particular target population of environmentsSpecific objectivesReplace a specific cultivarDevelop a new productChange a single trait. What is the general objective of a bree
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1. Setting goals and
identifying target environments Planning breeding programs for impact
2. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Generally, to produce a cultivar that is superior to farmers varieties in a particular target population of environments
Specific objectives
Replace a specific cultivar
Develop a new product
Change a single trait What is the general objective of a breeding program? Question to the groupQuestion to the group
3. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Higher yields
Under high-inputs?
Under lower inputs (farmer management)?
Under favorable climate?
Over all possible climates?
Quality
Experiment station vs. on-farm performance When is a cultivar superior? brainstormingbrainstorming
4. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Will be grown by the farmer because it performs better (or obtains a better price) than the existing cultivar
Under management practices currently used or available to the farmer
A superior cultivar is one that:
5. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Be in close touch with the farmers
Know the contraints in the target environment
Know the market requirements
Know the plant traits considered important by the farmers What makes a successful breeder? DiscussionDiscussion
6. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact TPE = variable set of future production environments (Cooper and Byth, 1996)
Variability among fields/farms
Variability over seasons
Results in genotype by environment interaction (GEI)
Objective should be to develop a cultivar superior to the farmers cultivar in most seasons and most fields Target population of environments: definition
7. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Example of predicted frequencies of stress environments within a TPE Sub=submergedSub=submerged
8. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Geographical region
Ecosystem
Subdivide if necessary based on
Environmental parameters
Currently used cultivars
Analyses of multi-environment trials
Breeder and farmer knowledge Defining the target environment
9. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Exercise: Criteria for group environments into TPE ?Name 2 examples for each column:
Every participant writes 2 examples on 2 pieces of paper that have a different colorEvery participant writes 2 examples on 2 pieces of paper that have a different color
10. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Cluster or principal components analysis on genotype means or genotype x environment interaction effects, also known as pattern analysis
Tests of fixed environmental effects
Examination of correlations of cultivar means across sites
Statistical analyses of multi-environment trials to define the TPE
11. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact
12. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact
13. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact What can we conclude from inspection of correlations?
14. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Determining the selection environment (SE) The chosen SE should maximize the power of the nursery to predict performance in the TE
May need more than one SE if TE is highly variable
SE is not equal to TE, so the relationship must be monitored
15. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact The SE must predict performance in at least some seasons and locations within the TPE - genetic correlation (rG) between TPE and SE must be high.
The SE must clearly and repeatably differentiate among genotypes under evaluation - heritability (H) for screening in the SE must be high.
The SE must permit relatively large numbers of genotypes to be screened at low cost - the SE must permit a high selection intensity (i) to be achieved. Requirements for the SE
16. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Easy, well-known:
Submergence tolerance
Bacterial blight resistance
Difficult, not well understood
Drought tolerance Examples of SE for specific requirements
17. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Can anyone briefly summarize this unit? Question to the groupQuestion to the group
18. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Focus group discussions: Farmers are asked about positive and negative features of present cultivars
Preference analysis: Farmers are asked to rate experimental lines in a trial
In some cases, future farmer preferences must be predicted (i.e., they may not be aware of new options/technologies) Breeding goals: 1. Farmers preferences
19. IRRI: Planning breeding Programs for Impact Deficiencies of currently grown varieties
List of required traits with parents that are sources of these traits
Ranking of traits in terms of importance and ease of improvement
Strategy for selecting for generating populations and selection for the desired traits Breeding goals: 2. Specific traits and strategies